S7 
192.1 


MC-NRLF 


Chemical 
Literature 

And  Its  Use 


Marion  E.  Sparks 


URBANA,  ILLINOIS 
1921 


CHEMICAL  LITERATURE 

AND  ITS  USE 


NOTES  OF  A  COURSE  OF  LECTURES,  IN  CHEMISTRY  92 
REQUIRED   OF   THIRD   YEAR    STUDENTS    IN 
CHEMISTRY  AND   CHEMICAL  ENGINEERING 
UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


BY 


MARION  E.  SPARKS,  B.  L.  S.,  A.  M. 
Library  Assistant  in  Chemistry 


SECOND  EDITION 

BEVISED  AND  ENLARGED 


Urbana,  Illinois 
1921 


Copyright,  1921 
By  MARION  E.  SPARKS 


Published  by  the  author.    One  dollar  post  paid. 


PREFACE 

These  notes  were  compiled  to  serve  as  a  brief  guide  to  the  increasing  flood 
of  chemical  literature.  They  are  prepared  for  the  use  of  students  who  have  a 
reading  knowledge  of  French  and  German,  and  have  had  two  years  of  college 
chemistry.  Similar  work  might  be  arranged  for  zoology,  or  other  branches  of 
science  where  the  literature  is  largely  in  serial  form. 

The  lists  are  in  no  sense  exhaustive,  but  include  the  works  at  hand  that  seem 
most  important,  with  special  reference  to  the  training  of  students  in  the  use 
of  serials  and  books.  Each  student  looks  up  a  number  of  problems  during  the 
year  in  the  department  library. 

A  course,  Chemistry  92,  Chemical  literature  and  its  use,  once  a  week  for 
one  year  has  been  given  to  juniors  in  the  courses  in  chemistry  and  chemical 
engineering,  at  the  University  of  Illinois,  since  1913.  Valuable  advice  received 
from  members  of  the  departmental  faculty  has  resulted  in  various  revisions  of 
the  work. 

Thanks  are  due  in  particular  to  Dr.  C.  G.  Derick,  former  assistant  professor, 
for  his  initial  support  and  counsel;  and  to  Mr.  C.  S.  Palmer,  for  helpful  sug- 
gestions and  aid  in  reading  the  proofs. 

MARION  E.  SPARKS 
September  2,  1919 
Urbana,  Illinois. 


PREFACE  TO  THE  SECOND  EDITION. 

The  second  edition,  is,  with  a  few  exceptions,  much  like  the  first ;  more  data 
on  certain  works  have  been  given,  errors  corrected,  and  some  new  books  and  serials 
added.  The  number  of  the  lectures  has  been  increased ;  this  makes  possible  an 
amplification  of  the  section,  'Suggestions  upon  looking  up  all  literature  of  «i 
subject',  as  Lectures  7  and  16. 

In  the  second  edition  Lecture  9  includes  first,  organic  reference  books,  and 
second,  suggestions  upon  looking  up  patents ;  for  the  patents  in  particular,  I  am 
indebted  for  much  help  to  the  paper  by  F.  E.  Barrows,  noted  in  the  Bibliography, 
that  is  placed  after  the  last  Lecture  on  pages  76-80.  The  list  of  papers  in  the 
Bibliography  makes  evident  the  value  that  is  attached  to  the  knowledge  of  the 
literature. 

It  gives  me  pleasure  to  acknowledge  here  the  kindness  of  Dr.  R.  Adams, 
Dr.  G.  D.  Beal,  and  Dr.  H.  B.  Lewis,  who  read  the  manuscript  and  suggested 
important  additions  to  the  lists. 

MARION  E.  SPARKS 
August,  1921. 
Urbana,  Illinois. 


506401 


CONTENTS 

PAGE 

PREFACES 
LECTURE  1 

Classification  and  arrangement  of  books  and  serials 
The  catalogue  - 
General  reference  works  _ 

Abstract  of  Decimal  Classification  _  10 

LECTURE  2 

Literature  on  the  history  of  chemistry  _ 
Early  chemical  laboratories  _ 

Chemical  societies  15 

LECTURE  3 

General  chemistry  _  -         - 

Books       _ 

Serials     _  19 

LECTURE  4 

Analysis:    Books  and  serials  _ 

Apparatus:    Books  and  serials  25 

LECTUBE  5 

Inorganic  and  mineral  chemistry  _ 

General  works  26 

Books  on  special  topics  _  27 

LECTURE  6 

Inorganic  and  mineral  chemistry  _ 

General  serials         _  29 

Special  serials  30 

LECTURE  7 

Suggestions  upon  looking  up  all  the  literature  for  a  topic  in  gen- 
eral, inorganic,  or  analytical  chemistry    _  31 
Interlibrary  loans  _  34 
Reference  serials,  general  and  special,  in  order  of  time                            34 
LECTURE  8 

Summary  on  the  history  of  chemistry     _____  37 

References      _  39 

LECTURE  9 

Organic  chemistry          _         _  40 

Books       ___________         41 

Works-  of  reference          ________        43 

LECTURE  10 

Organic  chemistry  ___  _____44 

Serials     ____-_--___        44 

Patent  literature      _        _  _  .46 

LECTURE  11 

Applied  chemistry  _______  _47 

General  works          ______  47 

Books  on  special  topics    _  -^        50 

LECTURE  12 

Applied  chemistry 

General  serials         _         _    .     _ 

Serials  on  special  topics  _____  56 

LECTURE  13 

Theoretical  and  physical  chemistry:    Books  _  60 

Chemistry  of  colloids:    Books        _  64 

LECTURE  14  ____________        65 

Theoretical  and  physical  chemistry:    Serials  65 

Chemistry  of  colloids:    Serials       _____  66 

LECTURE  15  ____________        67 

Biochemistry  ________  _67 

Books       _  _  67 

Serials     ____________         70 

LECTURE  16  ___________  72 

Suggestions  upon  looking  up  all  the  literature  for  attopic  in  or- 
ganic, applied,  or  physical  chemistry,  or  biochemistry 

BlHLIOORAPHY  __  ________ 

Some  papers  upon  the  value  and  utilization  of  chemical  literature 
Samples  problems,  for  Lectures  4,  7,  12  _        80 


CHEMICAL  LITERATURE  AND  ITS  USE 

Notes  of  a  course  of  lectures,  fo*  Third  year  students  in  chemistry  and 
chemical  engineering,  University  of  Illinois. 

LECTURE  1 

CHEMICAL  LITERATURE:    CLASSIFICATION   AND   ARRANGEMENT;    THE 

CATALOGUE;   GENERAL  REFERENCE   WORKS  ' 

Purpose  of  the  course 

1.  To  show  what  the  literature  of  chemistry  is,  how  it  is  arranged,  and 

made  available,  and  to  afford  practice  in  its  use. 

2.  To  give  some  idea  of  the  growth  of  the  science. 
Materials 

Serials  and  books  in  the  University  libraries,  chiefly  those  at  Chemistry. 
Methods  of  work 

Problems,  involving  use  of  the  literature,  one  for  each  lecture,  are  assigned 
to  be  looked  up  in  the  Chemistry  library.  Students  will  keep  some  notes  of  these 
for  reference.  Reports  are  given  orally  in  class,  in  the  first  semester  upon  topics 
in  the  history  of  chemistry  and  noted  chemists;  in  the  second  semester,  reports 
are  upon  papers  in  current  chemical  serials. 
Notebooks 

These  must  contain,  for  reports  by  members  of  the  class,  the  date,  name  of 
speaker,  topic,  reference,  (these  items  are  put  upon  the  board  by  the  student 
who  speaks).  Notebooks  are  inspected  twice  each  semester. 

CHEMICAL  LITERATURE 

Apparatus  is  necessary,  but  not  all  the  glassware  made  in  Jena  tells  you 
the  structure  of  an  organic  compound,  nor  even  how  to  look  it  up  in  Richter's 
Lexikon.  Chemistry  has  been  called  "the  intelligence  department  of  industry'', 
and  the  chemist  of  today,  beginning  on  the  basis  of  all  previous  knowledge, 
builds  upon  that  as  a  foundation,  further  research  to  develop  this  science,  which 
is  in  close  contact  with  every  phase  of  human  welfare  and  endeavor. 

Many  of  the  larger  industrial  plants  recognize  the  value  of  using  all  that 
others  have  learned,  and  have  libraries  that  vary  in  size  from  a  few  hundred  to 
many  thousand  pieces  (since  in  many  cases  a  ten-page  pamphlet  is  of  greater 
value  than  a  twenty-pound  volume).  Such  collections  become  for  the  organ- 
izations what  Dr.  T.  H.  Norton  calls  "artificial  memories"  and  with  careful 
cataloging,  make  it  possible  to  learn  in  the  shortest  time  all  that  has  been  done 
upon  a  given  problem.  Users  of  such  libraries  are  experts  and  work  done  for 
them  teaches  one  much.  The  librarian  there  must  know  the  science  first,  and 
the  simpler  part  of  library  methods  at  least ;  he  must  also  be  able  to  translate, 
make  abstracts,  bibliographies,  check  up  lists  of  references,  and  in  some  cases, 
he  has  to  record,  file,  and  care  for  special  formulas  and  plant  data. 

In  the  bibliography  at  the  close  of  this  pamphlet  will  be  found  reference  to 
papers  upon  the  value  of  a  knowledge  of  the  literature.  The  ones  by  Barrows, 
Dannerth,  Norton,  Smith,  and  Tafel,  in  particular,  point  out  the  uses  of  the 
library  by  the  industries,  with  respect  to  manufacture  as  well  as  for  research. 

In  the  lecture  notes  selected  lists  of  the  literature  available  here  will  be 

5 


given,  having  direct  reference  to  the  library  problems,  and  special  uses  are 
mentioned  for  some  of  the  important  material  found  in  works  of  reference  and 
abstract  serials.  Students  will  be  shown  the  most  necessary  works  and  serials, 
and  are  expected  to  know  author,  title,  date,  number  of  volumes,  and  class 
number,  for  at  least  three  important  works  discussed  in  each  lecture. 

ARRANGEMENT 

Material  without  orderly  arrangement  might  as  well  not  exist.  In  the 
libraries  on  the  campus  of  the  University  of  Illinois,  and  in  perhaps  three-fourths 
of  the  other  libraries  in  the  United  States,  the  system  of  arrangement  is  that  of 
"relative  location",  most  often  based  upon  the  Dewey  Decimal  system  of  class- 
ification. This  scheme  plans  to  place  together  on  the  shelves  all  books  upon  the 
same  topic,  so  far  as  possible.  Book  A  may  not  be  always  upon  the  same  inch  of 
shelf,  but  it  is  with  other  books  on  the  same  subject,  usually  subarranged  by  the 
author's  name;  the  date  of  publication  is  used  sometimes,  for  the  secondary 
arrangement.  New  books  after  being  properly  classified,  are  marked,  and  placed 
then  with  others  of  their  class. 

The  method  used  in  the  Dewey  classification  is  fairly  simple.  The  whole 
field  of  knowledge  is  regarded  as  divided  into  nine  main  classes,  to  which  are 
assigned  the  digits,  1  to  9.  Each  class  then  has  nine  divisions,  and  each,  of  these 
is  subdivided  into  nine  subdivisions,  leaving  the  zero  in  each  group  to  indicate 
very  general  works,  for  each  class,  division,  etc.  The  first  three  figures  counting 
from  the  left,  are  considered  as  forming  a  whole  number,  while  all  annexed  figures 
are  treated  as  decimals,  thus  making  more  minute  subdivisions  possible. 

Books  are  classified  according  to  the  topic  of  the  major  portion  of  the 
contents.  Certain  divisions,  by  form,  are  used  in  every  class,  division  or  subject ; 
such  a  form  division  may  be  recognized  by  the  clasdj  number,  since  this  always 
contains  at  the  right,  a  digit  preceded  by  a  cipher.  The  form  division  numbers 
include:  03,  dictionaries;  04,  essays;  05,  serials  not  society  organs;  06,  serials 
that  are  society  organs ;  07,  works  on  study  and  teaching ;  08,  collected  works  on 
a  topic  or  by  an  author;  09,  history.  These  may  be  used  for  every  subject; 
history  of  chemistry,  is  540.9 ;  history  of  agriculture,  630.9. 
EXTRACTS  FROM  DECIMAL  CLASSIFICATION  SHOWING  LOCATION  OF  MOST  OF  THE, 

MATERIAL  UPON  CHEMISTRY  AND  ALLIED  SUBJECTS 

General  classes  Divisions 

0  General  510  Mathematics  640  Household  science 

1  Philosophy  530  Physics  660  Chemical  technology 

2  Religion  540  Chemistry  670  Manufactures 

3  Sociology  550  Geology  680  Mechanic  trades 

4  Philology  570  Biology  690  Building  and  materials 

5  Natural  sciences  51)0  Zoology  750  Painting  (artists' 

6  Useful  arts  610  Medicine  materials) 

7  Fine  arts  612.01  Biochemistry  770  Photography 

8  Literature  615  Pharmacy  920  Biography  of 

9  History  620  Engineering  individuals 

630  Agriculture  925.4  Biographies  of  groups 

of  chemists 
6 


Subdivisions  of  theoretical  and  applied  chemistry 

540  General  660  General  applications 

541  Theory,  physical  661  Manufacture  of  chemicals 

542  Laboratory  methods  662  Explosives,  fuel 

543  Analysis  663  Beverages 

544  Analysis,  qualitative  664  Manufacture  of  foods 

545  Analysis,  quantitative  665  Lighting  materials 

546  Inorganic  chemistry  666  Ceramics 

547  Organic  chemistry  667  Bleaching,  dyeing,  paints 

548  Crystallography  668  Organic  chemical  industries 

549  Mineralogy  669  Metallurgy,  assaying 

The  books  classified  according  to  this  plan  are  placed  together  upon  the 
shelves,  and  those  having  the  same  class  number  are  here  arranged  alphabetically 
according  to  the  surname  of  the  atathor.  Each  book  then  has  a  class  number  and 
the  author  mark,  the  two  forming  the  call  number,  by  which  the  book  is  caHed 
for  and  recorded.  The  author  mark  requires  a  brief  explanation ;  it  consists  of 
the  first  letter  if  that  is  a  consonant,  or  the  first  two  letters,  if  the  name  of  the 
author  begins  with  a  vowel,  followed  by  two  or  more  figures ;  this  combination  of 
letters  and  figures  is  obtained  from  a  table  made  up  of  a  large  number  of  possible 
beginnings  of  surnames.  To  this  may  be  annexed  the  letter  of  the  first  word  of 
the  title,  a  figure  indicating  the  edition,  capital  letter  showing  what  language 
the  book  is  in,  letter  for  translator's  name,  and  other  marks.  A  sample  is  given: 

546  546     inorganic  chemistry   (subject) 

M73t3Ef  M73     Molinari  (author) 

t     first  word  of  Italian  title 

3     third  edition 

E     translated  into  English 

f,  initial  of  translator. 

Books  are  shelved  from  left  to  right,  while  the  spaces  between  the  upright 
divisions  supporting  the  shelves  are  treated  as  pages,  with  the  shelves  corres- 
ponding to  the  lines. 

Serials,  as  distinguished  from  books,  are  those  publications,  whether  organs 
of  a  society  or  not,  that  once  begun,  continue  for  an  indefinite  period.  Because 
the  serials  increase  each  year  they  are  usually  shelved  separately  from  books. 
Class  numbers  of  serials  end  as  a  rule  in  05  or  06;  the  decimal  point  may  be 
either  before  or  after  both  these,  or  between  the  0  and  the  digit.  Serials  con- 
taining abstracts  solely,  with  no  -original  articles,  or  which  merely  index  the 
literature,  or  review  it,  are  shelved,  again,  separately  from  the  ones  containing 
principally  original  papers.  The  latter  are  considered  as  reserve  books  and  may 
be  taken  out ;  the  former  are  reference  works  and  do  not  circulate. 

ARRANGEMENT  IN  CHEMISTRY  LIBRARY 

The  books  and  serials  in  the  Chemistry  library  are  arranged  in  five  groups, 
those  in  each  group  being  in  numerical  order,  as  follows : 

I.     Palmer  Memorial  Library,  comprising  (a)  books;   (b)  serials;  a  special 

7 


collection,  shelved  separately,  in  southeast  stack. 

II.  General  works,  not  serials  nor  tffprks  of  reference ;  these  include  "reserve7 ' 
books  which  are  each  marked  by  a  special  label.  This  group  begins 
with  those  having  low  numbers,  in  the  southwest  corner,  on  the  south 
side  of  stack  A,  and  continues  to  the  shelf  having  the  label,  Group  III. 

III.  This  group  consists  of  reference  books  which  do  not  circulate  outside  the 

library  room.  These  are  marked  with,  a  capital  R  on  the  outside,  in 
addition  to  the  ordinary  labef.  that  contains  the, call  number. 

IV.  Here  are  the  abstract,  index,  and  review  serials,  that  like  Group  III,  are 

strictly  for  reference.    ...  . ..-,,, 

V.     This  includes  all  the  serials  tha^  contain,  chiefly,  original  papers.;.  They 

are  arranged  by  call  number  and  extend  from  the  end  of  Group  IV, 

and  the  sign  (shelf  label)  for  Group  V,  to  the  north  end  of  the  library. 

:"  'Unbound  numbers  of -all  'serials 'are  placed  mi  the  shelf  after  their  bound 

volumes.    Collective  indexes/ctoVerih^1  several  Volumes,  are  placed  together  after 

the  unbound  numbers. 

A  few  books,  much  too  large  for 'their  tegular  places,  are  on  an  "  oversize " 
shelf  along  the  north  wall.  Wooden  or  pasteboard  dummies  bearing  the  call 
number,  and  location  of  the  oversize  shelf ,  occupy  the  numerical  places  fdr  these 
books. 

THE  CATALOGUE 

The  catalogue  of  the  Chemistry  library  consists  of  three  parts: 
•  -1.     An  author  list  of  books,  with  serials  entered  there  under  their  titles, 
arranged  in  one  alphabet. 

2.  A  dictionary  catalogue  of  all  the  chemical  literature  on  the  University 

campus ;  entries  in  this  are  under  author,  title,  and  subject.  For  such 
books  and  serials  as  are  at  Chemistry  ONLY,  the  author  or  title  entries 
are  omitted  from  the  dictionary  catalogue,  because  they  are  in  the 
author  list. 

3.  A  shelf  list,  of  the  five  groups,  cards  arranged  in  each  as  the  books  stand 

upon  the  shelves.  Labels  of  these  trays  are  marked  with  group  and  class 
numbers,  not  letter  labels. 

Articles  published  in  serials  are,  except  for  a  few  government  and  state 
publications,  not  entered  separately  in  the  catalogue.  These  may  be  found 
through  the  abstract  and  review  serials,  if  a  reference  to  the  original  place  of 
publication  is  not  given  where  the  article  is  mentioned. 

An  alphabetic  list  of  the  serials  actually  at  the  Chemistry  library,  giving 
call  number,  title,  stack,  and  side,  is  posted  on  the  south  side  of  the  right  hand 
(south')  column. 

Books  in  general  may  be  taken  out  for  two  weeks,  on  signing  a  slip  at  the 
desk.  Reference  books  do  not  circulate,  nor  do  the  abstract,  index,  and  review 
serials.  Reserve  books  may  be  taken  at  nine  any  evening,  to  be  returned  by  nine 
the  next  day  the  library  is  open.  General  serials  are  treated  as  reserve  books. 
Author  and  subject  cards  in  the  dictionary  catalogue  trays  are  marked  in  the 
margin  below  the  call  number  to  show  location,  if  the  work  is  in  one  or  .several 
seminar  libraries. 

8 


GENERAL  REFERENCE  WORKS 

These  for  chemistry  may  be  considered  as  belonging  to  three  classes;  first, 
those  giving  tabular  data,  chemical  and  physical  constants ;  second,  dictionaries, 
covering  either  the  whole  field,  or  large  fairly  comprehensive  topics;  third,  en- 
cyclopedic works,  giving  in  addition  to  description  and  discussion,  references  to 
the  literature.  All  these  are  of  course  '' reference  books". 

Class  1.  Here,  belong  the  old  Chemiker-Kalender,  with  the  newer  English 
work,  The  Chemist's  Yearbook;  Van  Nostrand's  CheinicaloAnnual  (published 
at  irregular  intervals),  and  the  Chemical  Rubber  Company's  Handbook.  All 
these  note  some  of  the  newer  books,  and  add  various'  kinds  of  information  to  the 
data  that  are  their  major  content.  Types  of  larger  works  are  Landolt-Bornstein, 
Physikalisch-chemische  Tabellen,  Recueil,  published  b^  the  Societe  franchise  de 
physique,  and  the  Annual  Tables,  now,  v.  1-6,  for  1910-20,  planned  to  supplement 
Landolt-Bornstein  by  giving  the  new  work  of  each  year. 

Class  2.  This  includes  all  the  general  dictionaries,  beginning  with  early 
editions  of  Ure  and  Watt,  through  Ladenburg,  Wurtz,  and  Thorpe.  This  last- 
in  the  third  edition,  1921,  is  now  the  most  important,  but  the  others,  particularly 
Ladenburg,  are  useful  for  the  history  of  substances.  Here  also  we  find  the 
dictionaries  of  solubilities,  as  Comey  and  Hahn,  edition  of  1921,  Seidell,  good 
for  organic  in  particular,  and  the  more  elementary  Segerblom. 

Class  3.  The  works  included  here  are  apt  to  be  more  specific  in  topics 
treated ;  the  monumental  Encyclopedia  chimique,  1882-99,  edited  by  Fremy,  is  a 
5  series  of  monographs  covering  almost  every  possible  section  of  chemistry,  but 
these  are  no  longer  new.  For  inorganic,  there  are  the  works,  called  in  both  cases, 
Handbuch,  begun  by  Gmelin,  (now  called  Gmelin-Kraut's),  and  the  other  by. 
Abegg  as  first  editor ;  the  Gmelin-Kraut  work  is  now  in  the  seventh  edition  while 
the  first  edition  of  Abegg  is  as  yet  not  complete.  The  English  work  recently 
begun  edited  by  Friend  gives  more  descriptive  material  and  fewer  references. 
Hoffmann's  Lexikon  is  doing  for  inorganic  what  Richter's  Lexikon  does  for  or- 
ganic, furnishing  a  list  of  compounds  with  an  index  tp  all  the  literature. 
Beilstein  's  Handbuch,  in  the  new  fourth  edition  is  to  have  some  fifteen  volumes, 
but  it  will  be  some  time  before  it  is  completed.  The  third  edition  lin  four  vol- 
umes, four  supplements  and  a  collective  index  for  the  eight,  has  been  necessary  for 
the  organic  chemist.  Of  the  many  special  dictionaries  and  encyclopedias,  Abd*er- 
halden's  Biochemisches  Handlexikon  might  be  placed  here^  since  it  gives  much 
recent  material,  newer  than  Edition  3  of  Beilstein. 

IMPORTANCE  OF  CHEMISTRY  AND  ITS  LITERATURE 

A  very  brief  survey  of  chemical  literature  will  convince  most  people  that 
the  science,  starting  as  it  did  before  written  history,  for  the  chemist  had  to  pre- 
pare writing  materials  first,  cannot  be  thought  of  as  the  invention  or  the 
monopoly  of  any  group  or  nation.  It  has  been  in  all  cases  a  gradual  develop- 
ment and  'utilization  of  knowledge  gained  by  earlier  workers,  to  the  best  advan- 
tage, for  the  improvement  of  living  conditions  and  the  production  of  articles 
designed  for  use  or  beauty.  The  ideas  now  current  as  to  the  theoretical  basis 
of  the  science  have  been  varied  many  times,  and  the  study  of  these  changes,  the 

9 


men  and  influences  that  produced  them,  may  give  some  indication  of  the  amount 
that  remains  to  be  done  before  we  know  all  about  even  the  simplest  particle  .-I1 
substance  and  its  real  formation,  not  to  mention  its  possible  uses. 

Since  the  discovery  of  radium,  we  no  longer  laugh  at  the  idea  of  a  "primitive 
substance"  and  no  one  ventures  to  predict  the  final  discoveries.  No  research 
worker  ever  arrives  at  the  point  where  there  is  nothing  more  to  discover. 

ABSTRACT  OF  DEWEY  DECIMAL,  CLASSIFICATION 

These  cl-a-ss  numbers  include  the  principal  groups  of  books  on  chemistry. 

016.54  Bibliography  of  chemistry 

340.6  Medical  jurisprudence 

389  Weights  and  measures 

389.05  Publications  of  the  U.  S.  Bureau  of  Standards 

510  Mathematics 

530  Physics 

532  Light 

533  Liquids 
537  Electricity 
537.85  Electrometallurgy 

540  Chemistry 

541  Theory,  physical  chemistry 

542  Laboratory  handbooks,  tables 

543  Analysis,  general 

544  qualitative 

545  quantitative 
Under  543,  there  are 

543.1,  Analysis  of  food,  .2,  milk,  .3,  water,  .4,  drugs,  .5, 
poisons,  .6,  rocks,  .7,  gases,  .8,  oils  and  fats,  .9,  animal  body. 

546  Inorganic  chemistry 

547  Organic  chemistry 

548  Crystallography 

549  Mineralogy 
550  Geology 
575  Evolution 
580  Botany 

589.9  Bacteriology 

590  Zoology 

610  Medicine 

611  Anatomy 

612  Physiology 

612.01  Physiological  chemistry 

614  Hygiene,  public 

615  Materia  medica,  pharmacy 

616  Pathology 
620  Engineering 

622         Mining  engineering 
628         Sanitary  engineering 

10 


58L6     Plant  chemistry 


628.1  Water  supply 
628.16  Water  purification 

628.2  Sewerage  work 

628.3  Sewage 
Agriculture 

630.16  Agricultural  chemistry 

631  Soils  and  fertilizers 

635.4  Feeding  stuffs 
637  Dairy 

640  Domestic  economy 

643  Food 

660  Chemical  technology,  manufacturing  processes 

661  Chemicals 

662  Explosives 

663  Beverages 

664  Foods 

665  Fuel,  gas,  oil 

666  Ceramics,  glass 

667  Dyes,  paint,  bleaching 

668  Soap,  glue,  glycerine 

669  Metallurgy,  assaying 

670  Manufactured  articles  (chemistry  incidental) 

671  Metallic  674    Wooden         677     Textiles 

672  Iron  and  steel         675     Leather         678     Rubber 

673  Brass,  bronze          676     Paper  679     Celluloid 
690  Building 

691  Materials,  processes,  preservatives 

698  Painting 

770  Photography 

920  Biography  (B  for  lives  of  individuals) 

925.4  Biographies  of  groups  of  chemists 

Any  of  these  may  have  decimal  subdivisions,  and  the  original  or  secondary 
number  may  have  the  form  divisions,  indicated  by  the  cipher  followed  by  a  digit, 
thus :  03,  dictionaries,  05,  serials,  06,  society  publications,  09,  history. 


LECTURE  2 
LITERATURE  ON  THE  HISTORY  OF  CHEMISTRY 

There  are  five  fairly  well-marked  periods  in  the  history  of  chemistry;  some 
of  these  are  subdivided  by  certain  writers,  and  in  all  cases,  the  dates  for  the 
periods  are  only  approximate.     The  beginning  of  a  new  period  does  not  mean  that 
all  chemists  at  once  adopt  the  new  theories. 
Ancient  period,  to  350  A.  D. 

During  this  time,  so  far  as  we  now  know,  chemistry  was  largely  a  craft, 

observations  of  phenomena  that  occurred,  and  application  to  industries. 

The  Greek  philosophers  presented  the  first  elaborate  theories. 

11 


Alchemical  period,  350  to  1500 

Basing  their  work  on  faulty  translations  of  Egyptian  manuscripts  men 
wasted  centuries  here  in  the  search  for  a  substance  that  would  transmute 
all  metals  into  gold  or  silver.  Incidentally,  they  made  some  discoveries, 
improved  apparatus  and  methods. 

Ititrochemical  period,  1500  to  1650  or  1670 

In  this  time  the  chief  aim  was  to  discover  a  universal  medicine,  to  be  de- 
rived perhaps  from  the  philosopher's  stone.  The  use  of  inorganic  chemicals 
as  medicines  and  the  preparation  of  drugs  from  plants  made  progress. 

Phlogiston  period,  1670  to  1780 

The  phenomenon  of  combustion  had  long  presented  a  problem  for  explanation, 
and  in  the  work  of  Becher  and  Stahl  we(  have  the  first  attempt  to  form  a 
theory  to  account  for  it.  Gases  were  studied,  methods  for  investigation 
improved,  leading  up  to  the  discovery  of  oxygen. 

Modern  period,  1780  to  f 

Oxygen  was  discovered  by  Scheele,  Priestley,  Lavoisier.  The  study  of  acids, 
quantitative  work,  the  chemistry  of  the  carbon  compounds,  investigation  of 
the  chemistry  of  living  matter,  physical  chemistry,  growth  of  chemistry  of 
colloidal  substances,  radio-chemistry,  make  this  seem  to  be  the  most  fruitful 
period. 

LITERATURE 

This  consists  of  general  histories,  more  or  less  elaborate,  the  accounts  of 
special  periods  and  divisions,  studies  on  theory,  biographies  and  essays,  .these 
latter  being  often  biographical. 

General  histories 

These  since  Lavoisier,  are  in  order  of  time,  Trommsdorf,  German,  1806,  not 
here;  Thomson,  English,  second  edition,  1831,  here;  Hoefer,  French,  1843,  in 
two  volumes,  includes  history  down  to  1815 ;  a  third  volume  was  planned  but  not 
published ;  Kopp,  Geschichte,  four  volumes,  covers  all  chemistry  to  1840,  with  a 
supplementary  volume  bringing  it  down  to  1860.  The  Geschichte  of  E.  von 
Meyer,  German,  1888  has  been  re-edited  and  translated  several  times.  Stange, 
Die  Zeitalter,  1908,  gives  chronologically,  "a  general  view  of  the  development  of 
chemistry'7  with  emphasis  upon  individuals. 

The  most  comprehensive  work  in  English  is  that  of  J.  C.  Brown,  covering 
the  time  to  1900,  now  in  the  second  edition.  E.  von  Meyer  in  his  Chemie,  1913, 
gives  much  on  the  work  since  Liebig.  Thorpe's  two  small  volumes  in  English  ar«i 
very  condensed  but  include  the  time  to  1900;  it  has  some  good  pictures  of  the 
chemists  of  the  nineteenth  century,  rather  more  recent  than  those  in  Stange. 
Bauer,  originally  in  German,  Armitage  (not  here),  and  the  History  by  Moore 
(American),  are  small  books,  each  giving  most  space  to  the  work  of  the  time 
since  1780. 

The  development  of  chemistry  in  connection  with  other  sciences  is  discus-  <i 
in  the  histories  of  science,  as  Libby,  Introduction  to  the  history  of  science,  1905, 
s.<l<_rwick  and  Tyler,  Short  history  of  science,  1917;  similar  treatment  at  greater 
length  is  in  H.  S.  Williams  and  E.  H.  Williams,  History  of  science.  10  v.  1904-10. 

12 


kchemy 
Chapters  in  the  larger  works  are  supplemented  by  Kopp's  volume.    Later 
owledge  from  manuscripts  and  investigations  is  given  by  Berthelot,  in  his  3- 
volume  work  containing  facsimiles  and  translations  of  Arabic  manuscripts;  he 
has  edited  a  similar  set  of  volumes  of  Greek  and  Latin  texts  (not  here)  ;  besides 
his  Origines  de  I'alchemie,  1885,  he  has  written  a  work  in  4  volumes  on  chemistry 
in  the  middle  ages.    M.  M.  P.  Muir  has  two  small  books  here  on  alchemy  and  its 
theories.    Svedberg,  Die  Materie,  1914,  has  a  good  chapter  on  alchemy.    Five  of 
the  nine  chapters  of  Strunze,  Die  Vergangenheit  der  Naturforschung,  1913,  are 
upon  chemistry,  i.  e.  the  Arabians,  alchemy,  and  van  Helmont. 

Modern  chemistry 

This  is  dealt  with  in  English  in  two  books,  by  Tilden,  presenting  the  progress 
of  the  science  since  1830  in  particular.  His  Progress  of  scientific  chemistry, 
Ed.  2,  1913,  has  some  brief  biographies  with  references  to  periodical  articles;  in 
Chemical  discovery  and  invention,  1916,  he  describes  buildings,  theories  and 
general  advancement  of  the  science,  "a  book  of  popular  character  on  modern 
chemical  discovery".  Ladenburg  has  a  small  book,  in  German,  also  translated 
into  English,  taking  up  the  time  from  Lavoisier  to  1886,  and  his  summary  of 
work  done  from  1880-1900  was  first  published  in  the  Sammlung,  but  is  also  here 
separately. 

Theories 

The  first  modern  work  is  Lothar  Meyer's  Moderne  Theorien,  1864,  written 
"for  the  information  of  scientists  who  are  not  chemists";  there  are  more  recent 
editions  and  versions  in  French,  Russian  and  English.  M.  M.  P.  Muir,  History 
of  chemical  theories  and  laws,  1907,  describes  "investigations  which  in  my 
judgment  have  given  powerful  impulses  to  the  advancement  of  chemical  science". 
Freund's  book,  on  chemical  constitution,  has  now  the  title,  The  experimental 
basis  of  chemistry,  Ed.  2,  1921,  and  deals  with  theories  affecting  composition 
especially. 

Divisions,  special  phases 

Pope,  Modern  research  in  organic  chemistry,  1912,  Ed.  2,  1921,  and  Stewart 
in  his  two  volumes  OD  advances  in  organic,  and  in  physical  and  inorganic,  res- 
pectively (Editions  of  1921),  present  accounts  of  work  done  since  1880.  Lowry 
Historical  introduction  to  chemistry,  1915,  traces  the  development  of  apparatus 
and  methods.  Bolton  has  written  a  number  of  short  papers  on  topics  in  chemical 
history,  besides  preparing  the  Bibliography  of  Chemistry,  1492-1892,  with 
supplements  including  much  up  to  1902.  Hjelt  has  an  elaborate  Geschichte  der 
organische  Chemie,  1916.  Smith,  Chemistry  in  America,  is  a  vivid  picture  of  early 
American  work  upon  which  there  are  also  various  short  papers,  such  as  that,  of 
Williams  in  School  Science  and  Mathematics,  1,  75-82  (1901)  ;  2,  139-48  (1902). 
Some  recent  American  works  of  a  semi-popular  type,  designed  to  interest  non- 
chemists  are:  Hendrick,  Everyman's  chemistry,  1917;  Slosson,  Creative  chemis- 
try, 1919;  Hale,  American  chemistry;  a  record  of  achievements,  the  basis  for 
future  progress,  1921.  Older  works  of  a  similar  nature  are  by  Duncan,  Friend, 
Finlay,  Letts,  Martin,  and  Philip. 

13 


Biographic* 

(  h.-mistry  has  no  adequate  biographical  dictionary.  Brief  notes  with  refer 
ences  to  longer  articles  are  in  Tilden's  Progress  of  scientific  chemistry,  1913; 
brief  notices  appear  in  Meyer,  Stange,  Kopp,  for  the  older  men,  while  Thorpe's 
History  gives  accounts  of  more  recent  workers.  Thorpe 's  Essays  are  largely  bio- 
graphical, and  so  is  Ramsay's  volume,  the  latter  not  here.  Harrow,  Eminent 
« -heinists  of  today,  1920,  presents  some  material  of  value.  There  is  a  small  book 
by  Roberts,  two  volumes  of  collected  Memorial  addresses  from  the  Chemical 
Society  (London),  while  a  few  individuals  are  discussed  in  volume  one  of  Wurtz's 
Dictionnaire.  The  small  German  biographical  dictionary  by  Schaedler,  published 
in  1891;  has  been  out  of  print  for  years.  The  Berichte  der  deutschen  chemischen 
Gesellschaft  has  in  volume  51  an  index  to  the  biographical  accounts  in  its  first 
fifty  volumes.  Memorial  addresses  usually  appear  in  various  serials  the  year  a 
man  dies.  Articles,  of  biographical  nature,  are  published  when  the  Perkin,  and 
the  Willard  Gibbs  medals  are  awarded,  and  on  other  special  occasions. 

There  are  biographies  of  perhaps  twenty-five  important  chemists  with  some 
collections  of  letters.    The  biographies  of  individuals,  are  marked  with  "B"  for 
the  class,  really  920,  and  the  author  mark  is  derived  from  the  name  of  the  subject 
rather  than  that  of  the  author,  to  place  all  accounts  of  one  person  together. 
Essays 

These  include  biography,  criticism  and  history.  Brown,  Ramsay,  Thorpe, 
and  others  are  available. 

EARLY  CHEMICAL  LABORATORIES 

i 

Individuals  permitted  special  students  to  work  in  their  laboratories  from  the 
earliest  times,  but  the  idea  of  general  distribution  of  chemical  knowledge  had  to 
wait  nearly  a  century  after  the  invention  of  printing  had  made  multiplication  of 
accounts  possible.  The  first  chair  of  chemistry  is  said  to  have  been  established  in 
the  University  of  Marburg  about  1600;  two  laboratories  supported  by  the  state 
for  government  work  were  opened  in  1683,  at  Altdorf  in  Bavaria,  and  at  Stock- 
holm, the  latter  being  under  the  patronage  of  Charles  XI,  with  Urban  Hiarne  as 
director;  one  of  the  pupil-assistants  at  Stockholm  was  Leopold  Gmelin,  first  of 
seven  generations  of  chemists.  Both  of  these  State  laboratories  began  publishing 
" contributions",  giving  results  of  their  work,  and  this  definitely  marks  the  end 
of  the  era  of  mystery  for  the  science. 

It  is  probable  that  at  first  the  instructor  merely  did  lecture  experiments  for 
his  classes  to  observe;  such  experiments  are  noted  as  part  of  Nicholas  Lemery's 
popular  lectures  on  chemistry  in  Paris,  1672-80.  Lomonossoff,  professor  of  chem- 
istry at  the  University  of  St.  Petersburg,  had  a  laboratory  built  their,  opened  in 
1748,  for  instruction  and  research,  where  students  are  said  to  have  done  work. 
Thomas  C.  Hope,  professor  at  Glasgow,  1787-95,  and  at  Edinburgh.  17!»r>-ls4:!. 
did  experiments  himself  in  lectures,  though  the  first  record  of  his  students  doing 
practical  work  dates  from  1823,  when  his  assistant  Anderson  was  given  charge  of 
this  work.  Thomas  Thomson  used  laboratory  work  as  a  means  of  instruction  for 
his  students  before  1811,  in  Edinburgh,  and  he  continued  the  practice  on  his 
removal  to  (!las«row  in  1818.  The  commonly  accepted  date  of  1824,  under  Liebi<2: 

14 


at  Giessen,  as  the  beginning  of  instruction  by  the  classes  doing  laboratory  work 
remains,  however,  the  first  introduction  of  it  as  an  official  university  policy. 

CHEMICAL  SOCIETIES 

These  form  an  important  part  of  the  history  of  chemistry,  since  their  activ- 
promote  public  knowledge  of  the  science.  They  mark  the  beginning  of 
nized,  concerted  effort  to  extend  to  all  whatever  any  man  found  out,  and  were 
werful  influence  in  the  banishment  of  mystery.  The  first  societies  of  chemists 
were  devoted  to  the  older  ideas,  but  their  places  were  soon  taken  by  more  scien- 
tific organizations. 

Bolton  ?s  list,  in  the  Journal  of  the  American  Chemical  Society,  in  1901,  gives 
66,  having  about  30,000  members,  with  Germany  in  the  lead.  At  present  the 
American  society  alone  has  more  than  half  that  number  of  members,  while  the 
number  of  societies  has  increased.  The  first  modern  society  for  chemistry  only, 
was  founded  by  James  Woodhouse,  the  Chemical  Society  of  Philadelphia,  1792, 
and  it  met  every  week  for  the  seventeen  years  it  existed ;  the  second  society  for 
chemistry  only,  also  in  the  United  States,  was  the  Columbian  Chemical  Society, 
founded  in  1811,  in  Philadelphia,  under  the  patronage  of  Thomas  Jefferson. 

The  following  list  includes  what  seem  to  be  now  (1921)  the  principal  socie 
ties  for  the  countries  named,  the  date  of  founding,  and  their  publications,  with 
the  3rear  of  the  first  volume. 

Belgium 

Societe  chimique  de  Belgique,  1887 
Bulletin,  1887 

Canada 

Canadian  Institute  of  Chemistry,  1916 

Canadian  chemistry  and  metallurgy,  1916 

France 

Societe  chimique  de  France,  1857 

Bulletin,  1858 

Societe  de  chimie  industrielle, 
Chimie  et  industrie,  1918 

Germany 

Deutsche  chemische  Gesellschaft  zu  Berlin,  1867 
Berichte,  1867 

Chemisches  Zentralblatt,  since  1897  (founded  1830) 
Beilstein's  Handbuch  der  organischen  Chemie,  since  1900;  this  is  be- 
ginning of  Erganzungsband  I  of  Edition  3. 
Literatur-Register  der  organischen  Chemie,  1910;  being  supplement  to 

Richter's  Lexikon. 

Verein  deutscher  Chemiker,  1887;  absorbed  Verein  analytischer  Chemiker, 
founded  1878 ;  was  Deutsche  Gesellschaft  fur  angewandte  Chemie,  1887- 
1896. 

Zeitschrift  fiir  angewandte  Chemie,  1887 

15 


Verein  yui  Wahrung  der  Interessen  der  chemischen.  Industrie  Deutschlands 

E.  V. 

Die  chemische  Industrie,  1877 
This  is  also  printed  as  Wirtschaftlicher  Teil  of  the  Zeitschrift  fiir  angewandte 

Chemie  now. 

Great  Britain 

Chemical  Society,  London,  1841 
Journal,  1841 

(called  Memoirs   and  Proceedings,   1841-47;   Quarterly   Journal, 
1848-62) 

Proceedings,  1885-1914 ;  ceased  as  a  separate  volume. 
Annual  Reports  on  the  Progress  of  Chemistry,  1904 
Jubilee  volume,  (history  of  Society,  1841-91) 
Memorial  Addresses  1893-1913,  two  volumes 
Society  of  Chemical  Industry,  1881 
Journal,  1882 

Reports  of  the  progress  of  Applied  Chemistry,  1916 
Society  of  Public  Analysts,  1874 
The  Analyst,  1877 

Holland 

Nederlandsche  Chemische  Vereeniging,  1903 
Chemisch  Weekblad,  1903 
Recueil  des  travaux  chimiques  des  Pays-Bas,  1882;  taken  over  by  the 

Dutch  society  named  above  in  1920. 

Vereeniging  van  de  Nederlandsche  chemische  Industrie,  joined  the  other 
society,  1920,  in  publication  of  Chemisch  Weekblad. 

Italy 

Associazione  Italiana  di  Chimica  Generate  ed  Applicata, 

Gazzetta  chimica  italiana,  1871 
Societa  di  chimica  industriale  di  Milana,  1895 
Annuario,  1896 

Giornale  di  chimica  industriale  ed  applicata,  1919 
The  Giornale  is  published  by  the  two  Italian  societies,  and  is  also  the 
official  organ  of  the  Federazione  Nazionale  delle  Associazioni  fra 
Industrial!  chimici. 

Japan 

Chemical  Society  of  Tokyo,  1878, 

Tokyo  Kagakkai  Kaishi,  1880 
Society  of  Chemical  Industry  of  Japan,  1898 

Kogyo  Kagaku  Zasshi,  1898 

Neither  of  these  two  publications  is  in  this  library. 

Suteden 

Kemistsamfundet  i  Stockholm 

Svensk  Kemisk  Tidskrift,  1889  (was  Kemiska  Notiser,  1887-88) 

16 


, 


This  is  also  the  official  organ  of  the  sections  at  Lund  and  Upsala,  as  well 

as  for  the  industrial  society. 
K.  Svenska  Vetenskapsakademien 

Arkiv  for  kemi,  mineralogi  och  geologi,  1903 ;  this  had  previously  ap- 
peared as  the  chemical  section  of  the  publication  of  the  Swedish 
Academy  of  Sciences ;  articles  may  be  in  either  Swedish  or  German, 
and  chemistry  has  had  the  most  space  so  far. 


witzerland 

Societe  suisse  de  chimie 

Helvetica  chimica  acta,  1918 

Articles  are  published  in  French  or  German 

United  States 

American  Chemical  Society,  1876 

Journal  of  the  American  Chemical  Society,  1876 ; 

volume  1,  1876-78  was  called  Proceedings. 
This  absorbed,   January,   1914  on,   the  American   Chemical   Journal, 

1879-1913. 

Chemical  Abstracts,  1907 
Journal  of  Industrial  and  Engineering  Chemistry,  1909. 


LECTURE  3 

GENERAL  CHEMISTRY  :    BOOKS  AND  SERIALS 

The  books  and  serials  upon  general  chemistry  may  be  grouped  as  foltewS : 
I.     General 

1.  General  cyclopedias  and  dictionaries 

2.  Special  cyclopedias  and  dictionaries 

3.  Dictionaries  of  languages 

II.     Tables  of  data,  constants  and  formulas 

1.  Large 

2.  Small 

III.  Texts 

1.  Comprehensive 

2.  Brief 

3.  Special 

IV.  Serials 

1.  Those  containing  chiefly  original  papers 

2.  Reference  serials,  i.  e.  giving  indexes,  reviews  or  abstracts 

1, 1.     General  cyclopedias  and  dictionaries 

The  best  now  is  Thorpe,  Dictionary  of  applied  chemistry,  in  the  third 
edition,  1921,  to  be  complete  in  six  volumes;  it  contains  fairly  long  accounts  of 
the  processes  and  products  with  some  references.    The  Condensed  Chemical  Die 
tionary,  1919,  while  prepared  for  the  manufacturer  and  dealer,  is  a  good  work  of 

17 


reference  where  not  much  detailed  information  is  needed.  The  French  Encyclo- 
pedic chimique,  93  volumes  and  a  collective  index,  a  series  of  monographs  by 
authorities,  is  now  rather  old,  being  finished  in  1899.  Watt,  Ure,  and  Muspratt 
in  the  various  editions  are  valuable  historically;  Ladenburg,  Handworterbuch  der 
Chemie,  1882-96, 13  volumes  and  index  is  better  for  history,  being  more  elaborate. 
Wurtz,  Edition  2, 1874-82  is  helpful  at  times ;  so  is  the  much  older  work  of  Liebig- 
Poggendorf-Wohler ;  the  newer  edition  of  the  latter,  revised  by  Fehling,  is  not. 
here. 

I,  2.    Special  cyclopedias  and  dictionaries 

The  organic  has  Beilstein,  Handbuch;  Richter's  Lexikon,  and  the  supple- 
ments furnish  a  formula  index  to  Beilstein.  The  Lexikon  (inorganic)  by  Hoff- 
mann is  incomplete  as  yet ;  it  is  on  the  plan  of  Richter,  but  gives  more  material ; 
it  refers  to  Gmelin-Kraut,  Handbuch  der  anorganisehen  Chemie,  Edition  7,  thus : 
N:  4,  3,  175,  i.  e.,  volume  4,  part  3.  page  175.  Abderhalden 's  Biochemisches 
Handlexikon  contains  material  upon  both  organic  and  inorganic  chemistry;  it 
is  more  recent  than  the  third  editions  of  Beilstein  and  Richter,  and  gives  many 
references  to  the  literature. 

I,  3.    Dictionaries  of  languages 

The  chemist  will  in  most  cases  have  to  read  French  or  German;  the  best 
special  dictionaries  are  the  ones  compiled  by  A.  M.  Patterson,  one  for  each 
language.  Lang,  German-English  dictionary  of  medical  terms,  gives  those  used 
in  medicine  and  the  allied  sciences,  useful  to  the  student  of  biochemistry.  Andes, 
Technologisches  Lexikon,  translates  unusual  German  terms  into  more  ordinary 
words.  For  general  German,  Muret-Sanders,  Encyclopedic  Dictionary,  abridged 
edition,  German-English,  Ed.  2,  1908,  is  perhaps  the  best  one-volume  work;  the 
larger  edition  contains  many  unusual  local  and  technical  terms. 

II,  1.     Tables  of  data,  large 

Landolt-Bornstein,  Physikalisch-chemische  Tabellen,  in  Ed.  4,  is  perhaps  the 
largest.  The  volume,  Recueil,  1913,  published  by  the  Societe  francaise  de  physique 
contains  newer  data.  Both  are  supplemented  by  the  Annual  Tables,  giving  mater 
ial  newly  published;  vol.  1-3,  covering  1910-12,  appeared  before  the  war,  with 
the  title  in  French,  Tables  annuelles ;  vol.  4  has  data  for  1913-16,  and  will  appear 
this  summer ;  vol.  5,  with  data  for  1917-1920  is  announced  for  early  in  1922.  The 
only  comparable  book  in  English  is  the  two-volume  Physico-chemical  tables,  1902, 
by  John  Casteli  Evans,  a  much  briefer  work,  and  no  longer  up  to  date. 

II,  2.     Tables  of  data,  small 

The  oldest  is  the  Chemiker-Kalender,  published  annually  for  over  thirty 
years;  The  Chemists'  Yearbook,  begun  in  1917,  is  on  the  same  plan  in  two  small 
volumes;  Van  Nostrand's  Chemical  Annual,  one  volume,  is  reedited  at  varying 
intervals.  The  Chemical  Rubber  company  puts  out  a  Handbook,  less  in  size  and 
price.  There  are  several  chemists '  and  metallurgists '  handbooks  of  similar  char- 
acter, as  Cremer's,  but  they  are  not  in  this  library.  Tables  giving  solubilities 
are  the  elementary  work  by  Segerblom,  Seidell  that  includes  organic  compounds, 
and  the  new  Comey  and  Hahn,  Ed.  2.  1921,  inorganic  only. 

18       ' 


Ill,  1.     Texts,  comprehensive 

The  comprehensive  texts  are  not  many.  Graham's  work  has  been  reedited 
from  the  German  version,  but  is  too  old.  Ostwald's  Lehrbuch  der  allgemeinen 
Chemie,  Ed.  2,  is  incomplete  here ;  his  Handbuch,  to  be  20  volumes  of  an  ericy 
clopedic  nature,  was  interrupted  by  the  war.  In  English  the  best  for  the  various 
elements  has  been  Roscoe  and  Sehorlemmer's  Treatise  on  chemistry,  i.  e.  the  two 
inorganic  volumes  covering  the  non-metals  and  the  metals,  in  the  most  recent 
edition;  the  latest  edition  of  the  organic  part  here  in  English  is  about  forty 
years  old.  The  new  English  work  being  published  under  the  editorship  of  J.  N. 
Friend,  is  called  a  Textbook  of  inorganic  chemistry ;  it  goes  into  detail  more  than 
Roscoe  and  Schorlemmer  but  is  not  done.  Mellor's  new  work,  Higher  inorganic 
and  theoretical  chemistry,  to  be  six  volumes  should  be  better  than  Roscoe  and 
Schorlemmer.  The  Textbook  of  inorganic  chemistry  by  Partington,  1920,  is 
nearly  as  good  for  a  general  chemistry,  giving  new  material  and  many  references. 


111,2.     Texts,  brief 

Types  of  the  briefer  works  are : 

Wm.  McPherson  and  Wm.  E.  Henderson,  A  course  in  general  chemistry, 

1915; 

W.  A.  Noyes,  Textbook  of  chemistry,  1916 ; 
Louis  Kahleiiburg,  Outlines  of  chemistry,  revised,  1916 ; 
H.  P.  Cady,  General  chemistry,  1916 ; 

Alexander  Smith,  General  chemistry  for  colleges,  Ed.  2,  1917 ; 
H.  N.  Holmes,  General  chemistry,  1921. 

These  are  intended  for  college  textbooks:  Bailey's  (English)  Tutorial  chem- 
istry in  two  volumes,  Ed.  4,  1918,  seems  to  correspond  nearly  to  the  American 
ones;  there  are  similar  small  French  and  German  works  though  not  here.  The 
German  volume,  Chemie,  by  E.  von  Meyer,  1913,  is  more  nearly  historical.  Texts 
in  English  of  a  type  suited  to  secondary  schools  are  numerous,  but  not  here. 


Ill,  3.     Texts,  special 

Special  Works  here  may  be,  (a)  for  students  in  a  particular  field,  or  (b), 
general  for  a  division  of  chemistry.  Under  (a)  are  Hale's  Practical  chemistry 
for  engineering  students,  1912 ;  Kahlenberg  and  Hart,  Chemistry  in  its  relations 
to  daily  life,  for  students  of  agriculture  and  home  economics  in  secondary  schools, 
1916;  Elementary  household  chemistry,  an  introductory  textbook  for  students 
of  home  economics,  by  J.  F.  Snell,  1916. 

In  particular  fields,  Meyer  and  Jacobson,  in  German,  Ed.  2  is  the  most 
complete  for  organic ;  Richter,  Chemistry  of  the  carbon  compounds,  Ed.  11,  gives 
less  theory ;  Cohen 's  Organic  chemistry  in  three  volumes,  Ed.  2,  1919,  is  for  the 
specialist ;  Ed.  3  is  1921.  Mellor,  1918,  and  Partington,  1920,  are  recent  good 
English  texts  for  general  inorganic  works  in  one  volume,  while  Norris,  Textbook 
of  inorganic  chemistry,  1921,  is  the  newest  American  work. 

19 


SERIALS 

The  literature  of  any  live  science  is  largely  in  the  current  volumes  of  serials. 
The  principal  societies  all  publish  proceedings,  with  original  papers,  usually 
calling  the  combination,  Journal.  Most  of  these  have  been  mentioned  in  Lecture 
2.  The  general  serials,  both  society  publications  and  others,  at  Chemistry  will 
be  considered,  in  order  of  age;  these  contain  chiefly,  original  papers;  where 
abstracts  are  also  given  these  will  be  noted. 
IV,  1.  Serials 

Annales  de  chimie  (formerly  till.  1913,  et  de  physique),  was  founded  in  1789 
by  Lavoisier  and  his  associates  under  the  patronage  of  the  French  Academy,  ''to 
promote  the  science  of  chemistry,  since,  if  one  among  the  many  sciences  may  be 
called  the  essential  one,  chemistry  is  that  one".  It  had  abstracts  till  about  1874. 
The  physics  section  became  a  separate  serial  in  1914.  There  are  collective  indexes, 
for  each  series  of  twenty  to  forty  volumes. 

•  Annalen  der  Chemie  (und  Pharmacie),  called  Liebig's  Annalen,  was  started 
in  1832  as  Annalen  der  Pharmacie,  and  the  name  has  varied  at  intervals.  It  had 
abstracts  till  1860,  has  an  8-volume  supplement,  has  annual  and  collective  indexes. 

Journal  fiir  praktische  Chemie  was  started  in  1834  under  this  title,  being 
the  combination  of  two  others,  the  one  Scherer's  Allgemeines  Journal  having 
existed  under  various  titles  from  1798 ;  the  Journal  had  abstracts  till  about  1870, 
has  one  collective  index,  and  annual  ones.  The  Annales,  Annalen,  and  Journal 
have  now  principally  papers  upon  organic  topics;  the  Annalen  began  its  first 
volume  with  a  paper  upon  lactic  acid,  while  applied  chemistry  has  no  place  now 
.in  the  Journal. 

The  Journal  of  the  Chemical  Society,  though  the  first  three  volumes  are 
termed  Memoirs,  may  be  said  to  date  from  1841 ;  f rom  1849  to  1862  the  title  was 
Quarterly  Journal.  The  Journal  has  always  had  abstracts  of  great  value,  with 
good  annual  and  collective  indexes. 

Two  serials  in  English  of  less  importance  deserve  mention  since  they  give 
abstracts  for  this  early  period,  The  Chemist,  1840-58,  London,  edited  by  Charles 
and  John  Watt,  and  The  Chemical  Gazette,  1843-59,  London,  edited  by  William 
Francis  and  Henry  Croft;  the  Gazette  was  merged  into  the  Chemical  News, 
founded  by  Crookes  in  1859,  to  publish  scientific  processes  and  discoveries ;  this 
weekly  paper  is  the  first  chemical  newspaper,  and  following  up  its  original  plan, 
has  abstracts  but  presents  also  reprints  of  whole  papers  when  the  importance  of 
the  subject  is  great.  Beginning  July,  1921,  a  special  section  of  book  reviews 
is  in  the  first  number  of  each  month.  It  has  annual  indexes,  and  a  collective 
index  for  the  first  hundred  volumes. 

The  Bulletin  de  la  Societe  chimique  de  France  (formerly,  de  Paris)  was 
started  in  1858,  and  absorbed  the  two  Repertoires  that  were  edited  by  Wurtz  and 
Barreswil  and  commenced  in  the  same  year.  It  has  abstracts  less  comprehen- 
sive than  those  of  the  Journal  of  the  Chemical  Society,  and  both  annual  and 
collective  indexes. 

The  Deutsche  chemische  Gesellschaft  publishes  its  Berichte,  1867  on ;  it 
had  abstracts  to  1896,  when  they  were  transferred  to  the  Chemisches  Zentralblatt. 
There  are  annual  and  collective  indexes,  with  formula  indexes,  after  the  manner 
of  Richter's  Lexikon  for  the  original  papers  for  recent  years. 

20 


The  Chemiker-Zeitung,  1877-date,  published  three  times  a  week,  has  always 
had  some  abstracts,  forming  at  times  a  separate  volume.  It  is  for  the  manufac- 
turer particularly,  but  is  a  serial  of  general  chemistry. 

The  American  Chemical  Society's  Journal  began  in  1879,  had  some  abstracts 
to  1891,  published  a  Review  of  American  Chemical  Research,  1896-1905;  since 
1907,  when  the  Society  began  the  publication  of  Chemical  Abstracts,  the  Journal 
has  had  only  original  papers,  book  reviews  and  proceedings  of  the  Society.  It 
absorbed  the  American  Chemical  Journal  in  1913. 

Several  others,  less  widely  read  are:  Gazzetta  chimica  italiana,  1871  to 
date;  Monatshefte  (Austria),  1881  on;  Bulletin  of  the  Belgian  society,  1887-, 
and  the  Recueil  from  Leyden,  1882-,  all  four  giving  only  original  papers ;  so  too 
do  these:  Chemisch  Weekblad,  Arkiv  for  Kemi,  Svensk  kemisk  Tidskrift.  The 
Weekblad,  Monatshefte,  and  Arkiv  were  formerly  the  chemical  sections  of  the 
proceedings  of  the  various  Royal  societies.  The  Revue  generale  de  chimie,  1899-, 
with  its  very  brief  abstracts  in  a  separate  volume  as  Repertoire,  is  largely  indus- 
trial and  seems  to  have  died  since  the  war. 

The  Journal  of  Industrial  and  Engineering  Chemistry,  1909-,  is  perhaps 
too  nearly  applied  chemistry,  and  this  holds  for  the  Chemical  Age  (New  York), 
which  continues  the  old  Chemical  Engineer ;  the  Chemical  Age  is  for  the  business 
man  who  has  chemical  investments  rather  than  for  the  scientist.  The  Sammlung 
chemischer  und  chemisch-technischer  Vortrage,  1896-,  edited  by  F.  B.  Ahrens  is 
a  mixture  of  monographs  on  general  and  technical  chemical  topics;  a  collective 
index  here  in  manuscript  includes  vol.  1-20. 

IV,  2.     Index,  review,  aiid  abstract  serials 

These,  called  sometimes,  the  reference  serials,  are  of  the  greatest  importance, 
since  they  make  it  more  nearly  possible  to  know  something  of  what  other  workers 
are  doing,  and  thus  prevent  duplication.  They  fall  into  three  groups,  according 
to  contents  and  arrangement 

Index  serials  give  the  reference  only,  i.  e.,  name  of  author,  title  of  paper  in 
the  language  of  the  original,  name  of  serial,  volume,  pages,  and  date  of  publica- 
tion. For  books,  which  are  included  by  some  index  serials,  author,  title,  date, 
and  place  of  publication  are  usually  given.  The  principal  index  serial  for  chem- 
istry is  the  Chemistry  section  of  the  International  Catalogue  of  Scientific  Liter- 
ature; this  began  in  1902  with  the  literature  of  1901,  and  each  annual  volume 
contains  approximately  one  year's  publications.  There  are  both  author  and 
subject  entries,  the  latter  being  brief,  while  full  details  are  found  under  the 
author  entry.  The  scheme  of  classification  by  subjects  is  given  at  the  front  of 
each  volume,  and  the  period  covered  by  the  volume  is  stated. 

Review  serials  present  a  more  or  less  critical,  connected  account  of  the  prog- 
ress for  the  year,  noting  the  more  important  papers,  and  have  only  brief  refer- 
ences to  author  and  place  of  original  publication.  Berzelius'  Jahresbericht, 
1822-49,  is  the  oldest  we  have  here  of  this  type.  This  was  published  in  Swedish, 
while  we  have  the  German  translation ;  volumes  for  the  years  1841-46  were  also 
published  in  French  as  Rapport  annuel  sur  les  progres  des  sciences  physiques  et 
chimiques.  The  Fortschritte  der  Chimie,  1904-,  was  an  abstract  serial,  called 
Physikalisch-chemisches  Centralblatt,  to  1909,  when  it  took  the  present  name  and 

21 


form.  The  Annual  Reports  of  the  Progress  of  Chemistry,  1904-,  by  the  English 
Chemical  Society,  is  perhaps  the  most  useful  to  thd  chemist  now,  in  the  field  of 
pure  science.  Comparable,  in  German,  is  the  Jahrbuch  der  Chemie  (Meyer) 
1891-,  that  also  takes  up  only  the  more  important  articles.  The  review  serials  in 
general  cover  periods  of  one  year  and  have  annual  indexes,  sometimes  collective 
ones  too. 

Abstract  serials  are  published  frequently,  and  provide  a  contemporaneous 
record  of  all  the  chemical  work  being  done,  so  far  as  the  editors  are  able  to  collect 
it.  They  give  author,  title  (usually  in  the  language  of  the  abstract  serial),  serial, 
volume,  pages,  and  date ;  the  abstractor  may  or  may  not  sign  his  work ;  his  aim 
is  to  give  a  concise  but  fairly  complete  summary  of  the  contents  of  each  article. 
The  three  at  present  of  most  value  for  general  chemistry  are : 

1.  Chemisches  Zentralblatt,  1832-,  published  weekly,  indexes  for  annual  vol 
umes  to  1888,  to  semi-annual  volumes  1889-1918  inclusive ;  in  January,  1919, 
it  took  over  the  technical  abstracts  formerly  done  by  the  Zeitschrift  fur 
angewandte  Chemie,  and  now  has  four  volumes  a  year.     Collective  indexes 
have  been  made  for  1870-81,  and  the  period,  1896-1911. 

2.  The  Abstract  sections,  two  in  each  month  but  appearing  only  at  monthly  in- 
tervals, of  the  Journal  of  the  Chemical  Society,  London.     Annual  indexes 
for  the  time  since  1841,  the  date  of  the  first  volume  of  Memoirs  (predecessor 
of  the  Journal),  are  available,  with  collective  indexes,  that  now  include  1912. 
These  abstracts  are  sometimes  the  best  to  be  had,  being  of  fair  length  and 
usually  they  appear  very  soon  after  the  original  papers. 

3.  Chemical  Abstracts,  1907-,  appears  twice  a  month,  has  annual  indexes  and  a 
decennial   (collective)   index  for  1907-16  inclusive.     The  volume  for  1920 
has  a  formula  index,  including  organic  and  inorganic  compounds,  after  the 
manner  of  Richter's  Lexikon;  such  indexes,  for  their  own  original  papers 
only,  are  also  in  these:  Journal  of  the  Chemical  Society,  Annales,  Annalen, 
Berichte,  Journal  fur  praktische   Chemie,   Monatschefte,  and  Recueil  des 
travaux  des  Pays-Bas,  for  recent  years,  and  these  provided  a  supplement  to 
the  volumes  of  the  Literatur-Register  for  looking  up  organic  compounds. 

The  abstracts  in  the  French  Bulletin,  dating  as  they  do  from  1858,  cover  the 
field  somewhat  less  completely  than  those  of  the  Journal  of  the  Chemical  Society, 
but  are  sometimes  of  great  assistance  for  papers  appearing  on  the  continent,  and 
in  particular  for  those  in  some  of  the  less  widely  known  French  serials.  There 
are  annual  indexes,  and  several  collective  ones,  the  latter  including  1858-1906 
at  present. 

The  Jahresbericht  (Liebig  and  Kopp)  1847-,  started  as  a  review  serial,  and 
kept  this  form  in  part  until  1893,  when  it  began  to  give  titles  of  articles.  It  has 
good  annual  and  collective  indexes,  with  for  the  later  years,  formula  indexes  of 
organic  compounds ;  however,  the  volumes  for  1910  are  the  most  recent  we  have, 
so  that  the  Literatur-Register  is  newer.  Meyer's  Jahrbuch,  1891-,  gives  abstracts 
of  the  selected  articles  that  seem  to  the  editors  of  the  greatest  importance ;  it  has 
annual  indexes  and  one  collective  one. 

The  reference  serials  listed  above  are  the  most  important  for  general  chem- 
istry, though  they  contain,  much  on  special  fields,  as  organic,  physical,  biochem- 

22 


ical  and  applied  topics ;  more  and  longer  abstracts  for  these  are  to  be  found  in  the 
special  serials. 


LECTURE  4 
LITERATURE  UPON  ANALYSIS  AND  APPARATUS 

This  material  is  in  two  groups,  first,  the  books  and  serials  upon  analysis  in 
general,  special  methods,  and  substances,  and  second,  that  upon  -the  apparatus 
and  equipment  of  laboratories  used  for  the  purpose  of  teaching  and  research ; 
the  fitting  up  of  plants  for  large-scale  production  belongs  to  the  industrial  or 
applied  chemistry  section. 

A.     Analysis :  books  and  serials. 
I.     Books  on  methods 

II.     Books  on  analysis  of  special  substances 
III.     Serials 

A.  I.     Books  on  methods 

These  books  include  those  on  qualitative,  quantitative,  volumetric,  electro- 
lytic, and  spectrum  analysis;  colorimetic  may  be  either  qualitative  or  quan- 
titative. The  older  works,  due  to  the  many  improvements  in  apparatus  and 
technique,  are  of  use  for  reference  and  as  history.  Fresenius,  often  re-edited 
and  translated  has  been  replaced  largely  by  the  newest  version  of  Treadwell,  but 
Ed.  17,  1921,  is  edited  by  C.  A.  Mitchell.  Prescott  and  Johnson  in  its  latest 
revision  is  useful  for  qualitative  work.  The  older  presentation  of  general  theory 
in  Ostwald  is  supplementad  by  the  theoretical  volume  of  Stieglitz  on  qualitative. 
Classen,  Ausgewahlte  Methoden,  and  Crookes,  Select  methods  have  been  re- 
vised ;  newer  are  Scott,  Standard  methods,  1917,  giving  American  practice,  and 
Gooch's  book  on  methods  in  use  at  Yale.  A.  A.  Noyes,  on  qualitative  analysis,  Ed. 
8,  rev.  is  1920. 

The  German  works  in  many  volumes,  edited  by  Margosches  and  Peters 
respectively  are  rather  " publisher 's  series"  of  monographs,  and  the  Peters  series 
has  not  been  received  here  as  yet.  Villavecchia 's  Treatise  on  applied  analytic 
chemistry,  translated  from  the  Italian  in  two  volumes,  1918,  has  considerable 
general  material  in  the  first  volume.  Gardiner's  Chemical  analysis,  qualitative 
and  quantitative,  1914,  London,  is  a.  textbook  of  nearly  500  pages. 

Mellor's  Treatise  on  quantitative  inorganic  analysis,  1913,  is  -specially  for 
ceramists ;  it  is  excellent,  with  many  references  to  the  literature.  Low,  Technical 
methods  of  ore  analysis,  Ed.  8,  revised,  1919,  is  good  and  new,  perhaps  the  best 
one  in  this  field.  The  bulletin  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  by  Hillebrand, 
Analysis  of  silicate  and  carbonate  rocks  (formerly  Bulletin  305,  and  then  422) 
is  now  revised  and  appears  as  Bulletin  700,  1919. 

Smaller  works  include  Julian,  Morse,  Talbot,  Bottger,  Beckurts;  those  of 
Blasdale,  and  G.  McP.  Smith  are  more  recent.  Volumetric  analysis  practically 
began  with  Mohr's  Titrirbueh,  1855;  even  the  tenth  edition  of  Sutton  on  volu- 
metric has  long  been  out  of  print ;  the  small  text  on  qualitative  by  Schimpf ,  Ed.  3, 

23 


1917,  is  said  to  be  excellent  for  volumetric,  with  new  methods.    Classen,  Theorie 
und  Praxis  der  Massanalyse,  1912,  is  here  in  German  only. 

For  electrolytic  analysis  there  are  in  English,  Cairns,  Classen,  Danneel,  and, 
the  newest  one,  E.  F.  Smith's  Electroanalysis,  Ed.  6,  1918;  the  work  of  Lob  on 
electrochemistry  of  organic  compounds,  translated  by  Lorenz,  is  dated  1906. 
Spectrum  analysis,  discovered  by  Bunsen  and  Kirchhoff,  1850-60,  is  considered 
in  one  volume  in  English  by  Baly,  while  Kayser  with  six  volumes  in  German,  is 
an  example  of  a  more  comprehensive  book. 

A.  II.     Books  on  analysis  of  special  substances 

Books  upon  special  sections  of  chemistry,  or  special  substances  are  numerous. 
Stahler  in  his  work  upon  methods  for  inorganic  chemistry,  German,  to  be  four 
volumes,  not  completed,  gives  many  suggestions.  For  the  organic  industrial, 
the  fourth  edition  of  Allen  is  helpful,  with  its  ninth  supplementary  volume 
giving  a  collective  index.  Lunge,  with  three  volumes  in  six  on  technical  work, 
and  Post,  Ed.  3,  two  volumes  (this  is  in  German  only)  provide  methods  for  both 
organic  and  inorganic.  Lassar-Cohn 's  Arbeitsmethoden,  Ed.  2,  Hans  Meyer's 
Analyse,  1903,  are  upon  organic  substances  only ;  so  is  Mulliken,  Identification  of 
pure  organic  compounds ;  there  are  to  be  four  volumes,  but  the  fourth  is  not  out 
yet ;  the  new  edition  of  Weyl  on  organic  methods  is  to  be  four  volumes,  nearly  a 
dictionary  in  size,  edited  by  J.  Houben,  volume  1  being  published  in  1921.  Kosen- 
thaler  on  organic  analysis,  1914.  is  published  as  vol.  19-20  of  Margosches,  Die 
chemisehe  Analyse. 

•Smaller  works  upon  organic  analysis  are  by  Kamm,  (1922),  Sherman,  Ed.  2, 
Clarke,  Weston,  Ed.  2,  (also  in  French)  Neave,  Kingscott  and  Knight  (this  last 
is  quantitative  organic),  and  the  two  volumes  by  Vaubel  in  German  on  quantita- 
tive organic  analysis ;  this  last  is  rather  old,  1902. 

Applied  chemistry: 

Allen,  Lunge  (newer),  Post  (in  German  only),  are  general  with  the  two- 
volume  Villavecchia  the  more  recent.     Some  material  upon  analysis  is  given  in 
the  works  on  industrial  chemistry  by  Molinari,  and  by  Martin,  for  both  organic 
and  inorganic.     Griffin,  Technical  methods,  1921  is  American. 
Biochemical: 

Abderhalden  in  his  Arbeitsmethoden  gives  much ;  the  new  1920  edition  is  to 
be  13  volumes;  the  older  single  volume  of  Hoppe-Seyler-Thierfelder  is  good; 
Hawk,  Plimmer,  Hammarsten,  Cole,  are  in  English;  use  the  newest  edition  of 
these. 

Fvod,  beverages,  etc.  : 

Leach,  Ed.  4,  is  invaluable,  and  with  this  is  the  volume  on  methods  by  the 
Association  of  Official  Agricultural  Chemists,  1921 ;  the  latter  is  planned  to  re- 
place U.  S.  Chemistry  Bureau  Bulletin  107.  Sherman,  Organic  analysis  is  good 
IK-IC;  the  encyclopedia  on  composition  of  food  materials  is  Konig,  Chemie  der 
measchlichen  Nahrungs-und  Genussmittel,  Ed.  4,  in  4  volumes  and  supplement, 
the  methods  IKMMJT  in  vol.  3  and  4. 

24 


Other  materials: 

Typical  works  for  gas,  Dennis,  Hempel,  Parr,  White;  oils,  Lewkowitseh, 
Gill,  Andes ;  sugar,  Brown,  Lippmann ;  steel,  Johnson ;  paint,  Friend,  Hurst, 
Gardner ;  dyes,  Fay,  Green,  Wahl ;  agriculture,  Wiley,  Pott,  Ingle,  Ed.  3 ;  chem- 
icals, Krauch,  Merck,  Murray,  the  last  an  American  work  of  1920. 
A.  III.     Serials  on  analysis 

Material  upon  the  topic  is  found  in  all  general  and  special  serials ;  there  are 
three  however  upon  analysis  particularly ;  all  three  have  always  given  abstracts 
as  well  as  original  papers,  and  all  have  collective  indexes. 

The  oldest  is  the  Zeitschrift  fur  analytische  Chemie,  founded  by  R.  Fresenius 
and  called  sometimes  Fresenius '  Zeitschrift ;  it  was  begun  in  1862.  Second  in  time 
is  the  Analyst,  organ  of  the  English  Society  of  Public  Analysts,  dating  from  1877  ; 
this  has  special  interest  for  food  and  drug  analysts.  The  newest  is  the  French 
Annales  de  chimie  analytique  et  de  chimie  appliquee,  1896,  which  has  absorbed 
various  other  serials  of  like  character;  both  originals  and  abstracts  in  this  are 
very  short.  The  Annales  des  falsifications  (now,  et  des  fraudes)  was  begun  in 
1908,  as  an  international  bulletin  to  aid  in  preventing  adulterations  of  food  and 
drugs;  it  has  always  given  both  original  papers  and  abstracts;  it  is  now  pub- 
lished by  the  Societe  des  experts-chimistes  de  France. 

A  similar  publication  is  the  Repertoire  international  des  travaux  publics  sur 
la  composition,  1  'analyse  et  les  falsifications  des  denrees  alimentaires,  1901 — ,  of 
which  the  first  two  volumes  were  published  in  Dutch,  the  remainder  in  French ; 
this  has  no  original  papers,  and  the  abstracts  are  extremely  brief,  or  even  lack- 
ing i.  e.,  this  is  almost  an  index  serial.  The  volume  for  1910  is  the  newest  here, 
and  this  is  the  only  * '  abstracts  only ' '  serial  for  analysis.  Usually,  abstracts  must 
be  looked  up  in  the  serials  for  chemistry  in  general,  or  in  those  for  applied 
chemistry,  with  special  care  to  include  serials  upon  the  topic  being  investigated, 
as  Experiment  Station  Record,  for  agricultural  chemistry. 

B.      APPARATUS  AND  EQUIPMENT 

Here  we  may  consider  books  upon  the  testing  of  reagents  and  the  prepara- 
tion and  care  of  apparatus.  For  the  first  class  the  older  work  of  Krauch,  the 
book  by  Merck  which  is  an  amplification  of  Krauch,  and  the  new  Standards  and 
tests  for  chemicals  and  reagents  by  Murray,  1920,  will  be  sufficient  in  most  cases. 
Tests  and  reagents,  Ed.  1,  1916,  by  A.  I.  Cohn  lists  the  tests,  etc.,  that  are  known 
by  their  authors'  names.  Prideaux,  Theory  and  use  of  indicators,  1917,  is  more 
thorough  than-  the  older  small  work  by  Cohn. 

Physical  methods  in  the  chemical  laboratory  are  dealt  with  in  volume  1  of 
Stabler 's  Handbuch,  1913,  in  German;  apparatus  is  described  here  too.  Ost- 
wald-Luther,  Physiko-chemische  Messungen,  Ed.  3,  1910,  is  very  useful;  it  may 
be  supplemented  by  a  number  of  the  bulletins  and  circulars  of  the  U.  S.  Bureau 
of  Standards. 

Glassblowing  is  a  science  not  to  be  quickly  learned;  some  books  that  may 
help  the  amateur  are  the  following: 

1898,  Threlfall,  On  laboratory  arts ; 

1902,  Hovestadt,  Jena  glass  and  its  scientific  and  industrial  applications; 

1904,  Ebert,  Anleitung  zum  Glasblasen,  Ed.  3 ; 

1910,  Shenstone,  Methods  of  glass  blowing  (ed.  3  was  1907)  ; 

25 


1910,  Holbaum,  Zeitgemasse,  Herstellung,  Bearbeitung  und  Verzierung  de? 

feineren  Hohlglases- 

1911,  Diakonov  und  Lermantov,  Die  Bearbeitimg  des  Glases  auf  dem  Blasc- 

tisch.     Ed.  2 ; 
1914,  Frary,  Laboratory  manual  of  glass  blowing; 

1920,  Vigreux,  Le  soufflage  du  verre  dans  les  laboratories  seientfiques  et 

industriels.     Ed.  2. 

1921,  Bolas,  Handbook  of  laboratory  glass  blowing. 

Bulletin  107  of  the  U.  S.  Bureau  of  Standards  reports  tests  of  chemical  glass- 
ware, and  considerable  material  may  be  found  in  the  chemical  serials,  1914  to  date. 

Two  periodicals  on  apparatus  in  German  are  the  Zeitschrift  fur  Instrument- 
kunde,  and  Chemische  Apparatur;  the  latter  is  here  and  seems  to  pay  most 
attention  to  equipment  of  large  size. 

Prices  of  chemicals  and  supplies  may  be  had  from  the  various  dealers' 
catalogs,  and  these  may  be  checked  by  the  weekly  price  quotations  for  chemicals 
in  the  Drug  and  Chemical  Markets,  or  the  similar  lists  in  the  Oil,  Paint  and  Drujr 
Reporter.  The  manner  and  amount  of  material  needed  to  fit  up  a  small  labora- 
tory will  differ  with  the  purpose  for  which  it  is  planned ;  the  dealers  have  lists, 
copious  enough,  for  ordinary  student  equipment,  and  are  ready  to  furnish  them ; 
the  specialist  will  know  what  extra  pieces  his  work  requires.  Nagel,  Mechanical 
appliances  of  the  chemical  and  metallurgical  industries,  Ed.  2,  1909,  and  his 
Lay-out,  design  and  construction  of  chemical  and  metallurgical  plants,  1911, 
are  for  the  engineer  rather  than  the  chemist,  besides  being  now  old.  Dyson, 
Manual  of  chemical  plant,  is  descriptive  of  progress  in  the  devising  of  apparatus, 
on  the  large  scale. 


LECTURE  5 

INORGANIC  AND  MINERAL  CHEMISTRY:    BOOKS 

This,  the  oldest  section  of  chemistry,  has  in  recent  times  seemed  almost 
overshadowed  in  importance  by  the  developments  in  the  organic  section ;  recent 
work  upon  theoretical  inorganic,  structure  and  other  phases,  with  alloys  and 
metallography,  has  brought  the  inorganic  side  into  prominence.  The  books 
here  include  those  on  the  elements,  inorganic  proper,  and  those  on  the  minerals 
and  metals,  the  manufactured  products. 

A.  General  works 

1.  Comprehensive 

2.  Brief 

3.  Dictionaries 

B.  Special  works 

1.  Methods 

2.  Preparations 

3.  Analysis 

26 


C.  Related  topics 

1.  Metallurgy 

2.  Metallography 

3.  Assaying 

D.  Special  substances 

1.  Precious  metals 

2.  Iron  and  steel 

3.  Other  metals  and  minerals 

4.  Alloys 

A,  1.    Comprehensive 

These  are  at  present  five,  two  in  German,  two  in  English  and  one  in  French. 
In  German,  the  oldest,  counting  from  when  it  was  started,  is  the  Edition  7  of 
Gmelin-Kraut  's  Handbuch ;  this  is  now  nearly  complete,  with  supplements  in  each 
part,  the  individual  parts  and  volumes  ranging  in  date  from  1907  down.  It  has 
many  references,  mixed  in  among  the  text.  Abegg's  Handbuch  der  anorgan- 
ischeii  Chemie,  likewise  not  yet  complete,  has  here  at  present  six  bound  parts; 
the  chapters  are  dated  if  they  differ  from  the  volume  in  point  of  time,  and  the 
references  are  massed  at  the  close  of  the  chapters,  with  reference  to  them  by 
number  in  the  text. 

The  Treatise  on  chemistry,  originally  prepared  by  Roscoe  and  Schorlemmer, 
and  called  theirs  yet,  has  Ed.  4  and  in  part  Ed.  5,  for  the  two  volumes  on  inor- 
ganic chemistry ;  the  organic  section  which  formed  part  of  the  original  has  not 
been  revised  in  the  English  version  for  over  thirty  years.  The  longer  English 
work  is  the  Textbook  of  inorganic  chemistry,  1914-,  to  be  in  9  volumes,  edited 
by  J.  Newton  Friend ;  this  is  a  set  of  monographs  by  authorities  upon  the  dif- 
ferent divisions,  and  gives  references  to  newer  literature  than  either  of  the 
German  ones.  Mellor's  Higher  inorganic  and  theoretical  chemistry,  to  be  six 
volumes,  is  in  press.  Moissan's  five-volume  work  resembles  the  Roscoe  and 
Schorlemmer,  though  more  extensive,  but  was  published,  1904-06. 

A.  2.     Brief  works 

These  are  generally  in  one  volume,  and  include  works  of  widely  differing 
purposes.  The  newest  English  one  is  Partington,  A  textbook  of  inorganic  chem- 
istry for  university  students,  1921,  having  over  1000  pages,  and  copious  refer- 
ences to  original  papers.  A  similar  American  work  is  Norris,  Textbook  of  inor- 
ganic chemistry  for  colleges,  1921,  having  nearly  700  pages;  it  is  in  the  Inter- 
national Chemical  Series  of  the  McGraw-Hill  Book  company.  Mellor's  Modern 
inorganic  chemistry,  New  edition,  1918,  is  almost  as  large  as  the  Partington. 
Others  only  slightly  less  are  the  new  editions  of  Newth,  Alex,  Smith,  Holleman, 
all  in  English.  There  are  also  the  German  edition  of  Erdmann,  Ed.  2,  1900, 
Blount  in  English,  Ed.  10,  and  the  older  Ostwald,  and  Ramsay;  recent  French 
and  German  ones  we  do  not  have  as  yet.  Werner's  volume  on  structure  and 
the  fourth  edition  of  Stewart's  Recent  advances  in  inorganic  and  physical  chem- 
istry, 1921,  are  on  special  phases  of  inorganic  chemistry.  The  recent  works  by 
Levy,  Spencer,  Johnston,  on  rare  earths,  with  Browning  on  analysis  for  rare  ele- 
ments, cover  only  portions  of  the  inorganic  field. 

27 


A,  3.     Dictionaries 

For  historical  purposes,  Ladenburg's  Handworterbuch,  13  volumes  with 
collective  index,  is  good;  for  modern  work  011  application,  Thorpe's  Dictionary 
of  applied  chemistry,  Ed.  3,  to  be  in  six  volumes,  (v.  1,  Jan.,  1921)  or  the  older 
Ed.  2  in  five  volumes  is  best.  For  inorganic  chemistry  purely,  Hoffmann's  Lex- 
ikon  is  the  most  useful,  but  is  not  completed ;  planned  to  combine  the  encyclopedic 
with  the  condensed  material  of  a  dictionary,  it  gives  all  known  compounds  pre- 
sumably, with  reference  to  the  literature,  very  often  to  Ed.  7  of  Gmelin-Kraut ; 
this  is  done  as  follows:  N:  5,  2,  879,  that  is,  see  Gmelin-Kraut,  Ed.  7,  vol.  5, 
part  2,  page  879.  Comey  and  Hahn,  Dictionary  of  solubilities,  1921  seems  very 
satisfactory;  Segerblom's  similar  work  is  elementary  in  character. 

B,  1.     Methods 

The  only  large  recent  one  is  Stabler 's  Handbuch,  to  be  complete  in  a  short 
time  probably,  in  several  volumes. 

B,  2.     Preparations 

The  largest  and  newest  is  the  inorganic  volume  of  Vanino,  IJandbuch  der 
praparativen  Chemie,  1913,  which  presents  the  best  information  available  at  that 
date;  its  predecessor,  the  inorganic  volume  of  Bender  and  Erdmann's  Chemische 
Praparatenkunde  appeared  in  1893.  Smaller  works,  but  all  old,  are  Blanchard, 
Lengfeld,  an  English  edition  of  Erdmann's  brief  text,  and  the  book  by  F.  H. 
Thorp,  1896,  which  is  often  used  yet  as  a  laboratory  manual. 

B,  3.     Analysis 

The  only  work  here  specifically  upon  quantitative  inorganic  analysis  is 
Mellor's  Treatise  of  1913,  designed  for  ceramists.  Much  is  found  of  course  in  the 
general  works,  as  Prescott  and  Johnson,  Treadwell,  while  Scott  in  his  Standard 
methods,  1917,  gives  500  pages  to  analysis  for  the  elements  before  taking  up 
compounds.  Lunge,  Technical  methods,  presents  much  upon  inorganic  analysis. 
The  descriptive  industrial  works,  as  the  new  editions  of  Martin  and  Molinari, 
contain  some  material  upon  analysis  of  substances. 

C,  1.     Metallurgy 

Here  the  number  of  books  is  large,  but  not  all  are  available.  Hoffman, 
General  metallurgy,  1913,  has  not  been  superseded  yet;  Fulton's  Principles  is 
dated  1910.  Types  of  the  older  ones  are  Austin,  Metallurgy  of  the  common 
metals,  Ed.  4,  1913 ;  the  two-volume  work  of  Schnabel,  translated  from  the  Ger- 
man, Ed.  2,  1907;  Ed.  3  of  this,  1921,  2  vol.,  is  practically  new,  Louis  the 
translator  having  revised  and  enlarged  it  considerably. 

C,  2.     Metallography 

This  subject  takes  up  the  relation  between  chemical  and  physical  properties 
and  internal  structure,  and  there  are  several  recent  works.  Guertler's,  begun  in 
1909,  is  not  finished;  Hoyt  has  a  new  (1921)  three-volume  work  partly  done; 
Rosenhain,  Physical  metallurgy,  1915,  has  much  of  value;  Robin,  in  French. 
1916,  is  much  like  it ;  Ruer,  1910,  and  Goerens,  1908,  both  small,  were  in  German 
but  have  been  translated.  Desch's  book,  written  in  English,  1910,  has  been  some- 
what revised  and  translated  into  German.  Osmond's  older  book  on  microscopical 
analysis  of  metals  belongs  here. 

28 


C,  3.     Assaying 

Rhead  and  Sexton  is  a  type  of  the  older  books;  Ed.  2,  rev.,  is  1914;  Furman, 
1905 ;  Lodge,  Ed.  3,  1911 ;  Fulton,  Fire  assaying,  1911 ;  Lord,  1913,  and,  White, 
1915,  are  on  metallurgical  analysis ;  Low,  Technical  methods  of  ore  analysis,  Ed. 
8  rev.,  1919,  is  good  and  new.  Moses  and  Parsons,  Elements  of  mineralogy,  crys- 
tallography and  blowpipe  analysis,  Ed.  5  rev.,  1916,  may  be  included  here. 

D,  1,  2,  3.     Special  substances 

For  works  on  the  different  metals  see  the  names  in  the  catalogue ;  some  recent 
ones  descriptive  of  the  various  minerals  in  general  are  the  following : 

Dammer,  B.  and  Tietze,  O.     Die  nutzbare  Mineralien  mit  Ausnahme 

der  Erze,  Kalisalze,  Kohlen  und  des  Petroleums,  2  vol.  1913 ; 
Bayley,  W.  S.     Descriptive  mineralogy.     1917 ; 
Phillips,  A.  H.     Mineralogy.     1912 ; 

Merrill,  G.  P.     The  non-metallic  minerals.     Ed.  2.     1910. 
Samples  of  special  works  are  Hofman,  and  Peters,  on  copper ;  Sauveur ;  Brad- 
ley  Stoughton,  Howe,  and  Johnson,  on  iron  and  steel;  Ingalls,  Betts,  on  lead; 
Richards,  on  aluminum ;  Smith,  on  zinc. 
D,  4.     Alloys 

The  Waterbury  book  of  alloys  is  for  the  manufacturer;  Giua  and  Giua, 
Chemical  combination  among  metals,  1918,  is  the  most  recent,  till  Hoyt's  of  1921 ; 
others  are  Buchanan,  Practical  alloying,  1910,  and  the  older  works  by  Brannt, 
Desch,  Laws,  Hiorns.  Analysis  of  non-ferrous  alloys  is  taken  up  by  Price  and 
Meade  (American),  Ibbotson  and  Aitchison  (English),  and  a  new  work  by  J.  R. 
Downie,  published  by  Spon  in  1920. 


LECTURE  6 

INORGANIC  AND  MINERAL  CHEMISTRY  :    SERIALS 

There  is  only  one  specific  serial  for  inorganic  chemistry,  but  most  of  the 
general  serials  and  a  number  of  those  upon  applied  chemistry  have  some  articles 
upon  the  topic ;  there  are  several  special  serials  for  individual  metals  or  separate 
subjects. 

A.  Serials  containing  general  original  papers. 

B.  Serials  containing  abstracts  or  reviews. 

C.  Special  serials. 
A.     General 

Here  the  first  is  the  Zeitschrift  fur  anorganische  Chemie  (und  allgemeine 
Chemie  was  added  to  the  title  in  1914)  ;  this  was  founded  in  1892,  to  rescue  the 
papers  on  inorganic  chemistry  from  being  submerged  by  the  flood  of  organic 
ones,  and  has  always  had  original  papers  only ;  there  is  a  collective  index  for  the 
first  fifty  volumes,  with  annual  indexes  for  the  several  volumes  of  each  year. 

The  four  others  perhaps  next  in  value  for  this  field  are  Journal  of  the  Society 
of  Chemical  Industry,  1882-,  Zeitschrift  fur  angewandte  Chemie,  1887-,  Journal 
of  Industrial  and  Engineering  Chemistry,  1909-,  and  the  Chemical  and  Metal- 
lurgical Engineering,  1902-,  (fourth  variation  of  the  title).  The  first  has  always 
had  both  original  papers  and  many  good  abstracts ;  the  second  had  too,  until  Jan- 
uary 1919,  when  its  abstracts  became  a  section  of  the  Chemisches  Zentralblatt ; 

29 


the  Journal  of  Industrial  and  Engineering  Chemistry  had  no  abstracts  till  1914, 
when  it  began  to  give  abstracts  of  IT.  S.  and  State  publications  of  interest  to 
chemists.  The  fourth,  largely  electrochemical,  has  had  in  recent  years  a  few 
abstracts ;  all  four  contain  patents,  some  book  reviews  and  general  notes  on  society 
meetings.  The  Engineering  and  Mining  Journal  contains  less  chemistry,  but 
occasionally  has  valuable  articles. 

B.  Reference  serials 

Here,  use  the  general  abstract  serials,  usually,  with  those  from  the  first  and 
second  of  the  list  above.  Note  that  inorganic  compounds  are  entered  in  the  for- 
mula index  of  the  index  for  Chemical  Abstracts,  v.  14,  1920.  The  inorganic 
section,  later  a  whole  volume,  of  Wagner's  Jahresbericht,  1855-,  has  some  ab- 
stracts; others  are  found  in  the  Repertorium  section  of  the  Chemiker-Zeitung, 
1877-,  which  is  chiefly  on  general  chemistry  with  emphasis  on  applications  of 
commercial  value.  Current  prices  for  metals  are  found  in  the  third  and  fourth 
of  the  list  in  A,  and,  for  chemicals,  in  the  Drug  and  Chemical  Markets,  weekly, 
N.  Y. 

C.  Special  serials 

Metallurgy:  Here  are  the  French,  La  Metallurgie,  the  Italian  La  metal- 
lurgia  italiana,  and  the  German,  Metallurgie,  that  is  now  divided  into  two,  Metall 
und  Erz,  and  Ferrum.  The  French  Revue  de  metallurgie  leans  strongly  to 
metallography,  and  has  each  year  one  volume  of  abstracts. 

Metallography:  The  old  Metallographist  became  the  Iron  and  Steel  Maga- 
zine, and  was  then  absorbed  by  what  is  now  Chemical  and  Metallurgical  Engin- 
eering. Similar  material  is  in  the  Journal  of  the  Institute  of  Metals  (English) 
and  the  Transactions  of  the  American  Institute  of  Metals  (American,  and  now 
part  of  the  publication  Mining  and  Metallurgy  from  the  American  Institute  of 
Mining  and  Metallurgical  Engineers),  and  in  the  Journal  of  the  American  Stool 
Treaters'  Society  (now  Transactions  of  the  American  Society  for  Steel  Treating). 
The  Internationale  Zeitschrift  fur  Metallographie,  1910-16,  is  now  Zeitschrift  fur 
Metallkunde. 

Minerals  and  mining :  The  Bulletins  of  the  U.  S.  Bureau  of  Mines,  and  the 
publications  of  the  U.  S.  and  State  geological  surveys  contain  much  material : 
the  Mineral  Resources  of  the  U.  S.,  annual,  is  good  but  slow  to  appear  as  a  bound 
volume.  The  Engineering  and  Mining  Journal  has  current  information,  with 
annual  summaries,  and  publishes  the  Mineral  Industry,  an  annual  descriptive 
and  statistical  volume,  usually  promptly  published,  and  unrivalled  in  its  field. 

Alloys:  All  the  metallographic  serials  have  articles  on  alloys;  the  Brass 
World  indicates  its  topic  by  the  title,  while  the  Metal  Industry  includes  a  wi*lrr 
range  of  non-ferrous  metals ;  these  are  practical  papers  but  have  some  scentific 
articles. 

Iron  and  steel :  For  this  field  there  are  many  serials,  but  only  a  few  are  at 
chemistry ;  the  works  of  the  two  Institutes  of  Metals  noted  above,  and  Ferrum, 
with  the  serials  upon  metallography  are  here.  Stahl  und  Eisen  is  more  of  an 
engineering  serial,  and  so  too  are  Eisen-Zeitung,  Journal  of  the  Iron  and  Steel 
Institute,  with  the  bulletins  and  other  publications  of  the  American  Iron  and 
Steel  Association. 

30 


For  the  literature  of  the  separate  elements  and  their  compounds,  a  good 
starting  point  is  in  most  cases,  the  bibliography  or  list  of  references  in  Abegg  's 
or  in  Gmelin-Kraut 's  Handbuch,  supplemented  by  the  data  from  Hoffman's 
Lexikon,  and  the  newer  material  from  the  general  abstract  serials. 


LECTURE  7 

SUGGESTIONS  UPON  LOOKING  UP  ALL  THE  LITERATURE  FOR  A  TOPIC  IN  GENERAL, 
ANALYTICAL,  OR  INORGANIC  CHEMISTRY 

The  material  upon  any  given  topic  may  consist  of  books  or  chapters,  even 
paragraphs ;  or,  there  may  be  articles  in  .old  serials,  or  in  the  current  ones ;  again, 
there  may  be  patents,  old  or  new,  foreign  or  American. 

For  information  in  books,  try  first  the  subject  heading  in  the  card  catalogue 
that  is  most  exactly  what  is  needed ;  if  this,  gives  no  result,  try  the  heading  that 
seems  more  general;  for  example,  if  you  find  no  entries  under  Coal,  try  FueL 
Subject  cards  in  the  catalogue  have  the  subject  on  the  top  line,  usually  in  red ;  in 
the  Chemistry  library  catalogue,  the  name  of  the  seminar  library  containing  the 
book  is  in  the  left  margin  below  the  call  number ;  cards  not  so  marked  are  for 
books  in  the  main  library.  If  no  books  can  be  found  for  your  topic,  go  to  the 
general  or  comprehensive  works  in  that  field,  as  Lunge,  or  Allen  for  technical 
analysis,  and  consult  the  index,  ordinarily  placed  at  the  back  of  the  book,  looking 
under  the  most  specific  heading.  Here  we  sometimes  find  single  references,  or 
brief  bibliographies,  i.  e.  lists  of  articles  or  books  upon  the  topic.  The  diction- 
aries may  be  used,  as  Ladenburg  for  the  older  historical  work,  or  Thorpe,  Ed.  3, 
for  recent  information ;  both  will  give  some  reference  to  books  or  serial  articles. 

When  the  books  have  been  exhausted,  contain  nothing,  or  only  what  is  too 
old,  the  reference,  i.  e.,  index,  review  and  abstract  serials  form  the  next  source, 
and  the  last  of  the  three  are  usually  best,  since  the  review  serial  gives  very  little 
from  any  one  article,  though  it  may  list  a  number  of  papers  upon  the  topic.  The 
following  lists  give  the  principal  reference  serials  here  for  the  particular  fields. 

I.     General  chemistry 

A.  Before  1840 

1789-,  Annales  de  chimie 

1822-,  Jahresbericht  (Berzelius) 

1832-,  Annalen  der  Chemie 

1832-,  Chemisches  Zentralblatt  (then  Pharmazeutisches  Central- 

blatt) 

1834-,  Journal  fur  praktische  Chemie 
Of  these  all  but  the  fourth  have  collective  indexes. 

B.  1840  to  1870 

Add  to  the  ones  above  the  following : 
1840-58,  The  Chemist 
1841-,       Journal  of  the  Chemical  Society 
31 


1842-59,  Chemical  Gazette;  continued  by  Chemical  News,  1859 

on 

1847-,       Jahresbericht  (Liebig  and  Kopp) 
1858-,       Bulletin   de   la   Societe   chimique    de    Paris    (now   de 

France) 

1867-,  Berichte  der  deutschen  chemischen  Gesellschaft 
Note  that  Berzelius'  Jahresbericht  ceases  with  1849;  C'hcinist  and 
Chemical  Gazette  have  only  annual  indexes.  The  abstracts  in  Annales 
Annalen,  and  Journal  fur  praktische  Chemie  cease  at  this  time  or  in  a 
year  or  two.  For  this  period  the  Chemisches  Zentralblatt  has  published 
only  annual  indexes. 

C.  1870  to  1906 

For  this  the  most  rapid  method  is  to  take  advantage  of  the  collective 
indexes  whenever  possible;  if  one  reads  German,  which  is  nearly  essen- 
tial for  advanced  work  in  chemistry,  the  order  might  well  be  the  follow- 
ing: 

a,  Jahresbericht  (Liebig  and  Kopp) 

b,  Journal  of  the  Chemical  Society 

c,  Bulletin  de  la  Societe  chimique  de  France 

d,  Chemisches  Zentralblatt ;  indexes,  1870-81,  1896-1906 

e,  Journal  of  the  Society  of  Chemical  Industry,  1882-1905 

f,  Jahresbericht  (Wagner)  ;  indexes,  1855-94 

g,  Zeitschrift  fur  angwandte  Chemie,  index,  1887-1907 

h,  Jahrbuch  (Meyer)  index,  1891-1900;  annual  indexes  after  1900 
i,  Chemiker-Zeitung :  Repertorium,  annual  indexes 

Of  these,  e,  f,  g,  and  i,  will  probably  be  of  use  only  if  the  topic  is 
definitely  applied  (industrial)  chemistry;  for  those  who  can  not  read 
German,  choice  must  be  made  of  b,  c,  and  e,  assuming  a  knowledge  of 
French.  The  abstracts  of  Meyer's  Jahrbuch,  though  not  including  all 
possible  articles  are  very  good,  particularly  for  organic  chemistry. 

D.  1907  to  1921 

Here,  for  the  quickest  work,  the  order  might  be  as  follows : 

a,  Chemical  Abstracts,  decennial  and  annual  indexes 

b,  Journal  of  the  Chemical  Society,  index,  1903-12,  and  jinmuil 

ones 

c,  Chemisches  Zentralblatt,  1907-11,  and  semi-annual  indexes 

d,  Bulletin  de  la  Societe  chimique  de  France,  annual  indexes 

e,  Jahrbuch  (Meyer),  annual  indexes 

f,  Journal  of  the  Society  of  Chemical  Industry,  annual  indexes 

g,  Chimie  et  industrie,  1918  on,  volume  indexes 

In  this  period,  the  Jahresbericht  (Liebig  and  Kopp)  here  only  in- 
cludes 1907  to  1910  inclusive;  Wagner's  Jahresbericht  is  here  through 
1914,  and  with  f,  and  g,  will  be  found  of  use  only  for  industrial  topics, 
asa  rule.  The  Chemistry  section  of  tli<>  Int.^riKitional  <1;it;ilo»'ne  of  Srion- 

32 


tific  Literature,  1901  on,  is  useful  to  make  sure  that  no  papers  have  been 
overlooked. 

Patents  are  to  be  looked  up  first  by  means  of  the  abstract  serials 
under  subject ;  having  both  topic  and  patent  number  or  even  the  latter 
alone,  abstracts  may  be  found  in  the  Chemical  Abstracts,  Journal  of  the 
Society  of  Chemical  Industry,  and  the  volumes  of  the  Zeitschrift  fur 
angewandte  Chemie,  up  through  1918 ;  after  that  date  all  abstracts  from 
the  Zeitschrift  are  published  as  the  Technischer  Teil  of  the  Chem- 
isches  Zentralblatt.  If  the  patents  are  for  particularly  technical  pro- 
cesses, some  account  may  be  found  in  Wagner's  Jahresbericht,  that  also 
has  an  index  by  patent  numbers. 

II.     Inorganic  chemistry 

For  this,  before  1840,  the  same  group  of  serials  is  to  be  used  as  fpr 
general  chemistry;  the  same  thing  is  true  for  the  period  1840  to  1870, 
and  for  the  more  recent  years. 

However,  if  the  topic  is  an  inorganic  compound,  the  first  place  .to 
look  is  in  the  Hoffman,  Lexikon  der  anorganischen  Verbindungen,  using 
the  numerical  table  of  elements  to  find  the  right  volume ;  this  will  give 
references,  usually  one  being  to  the  seventh  edition  of  Gmelin-Kraut'^ 
Handbuch,  where  there  will  be  found  a  fairly  complete  bibliography,  i.  a,, 
the  literature  down  to  the  date  of  that  volume ;  then,  consult  later  a)^ 
stract  serials  for  more  recent  work.  -t 

If  the  compound  or  topic  is  not  in  the  Lexikon,  try  the  indexes  of 
the  volumes  of  Gmelin-Kraut  or  of  Abegg;  later  when  they  are  cpm- 
pleted  consult  the  Textbook  of  inorganic  chemistry,  edited  by  Friend,  or 
the  newer  six-volume  Inorganic  chemistry  by  Mellor.  These  will  give 
the  most  important  references  and  newer  papers  can  be  found  from  the 
reference  serials.  The  collective  index  of  the  Zeitschrift  fur  anorgan- 
ische  Chemie  covers  only  the  original  papers  published  there  but  may 
sometimes  index  a  particular  point  that  has  been  overlooked  by  the  ab- 
stractors. The  inorganic  section  of  Wagner's  Jahresbericht  is  good,  if 
the  topic  is  of  an  industrial  nature. 

III.     Analytical  chemistry 

Use  the  same  method  and  the  same  serials  as  for  general  chemistry ; 
as  reference  works,  the  larger,  newer  texts  on  analysis  either  general,  or 
for  the  special  substance  or  method  will  be  used. 

It  will  be  advisable  to  use  for  the  periods  that  they  cover  the  three 
principal  serials  of  analytical  chemistry,  since  all  have  abstracts  and 
collective  indexes;  these  are: 

1862  to  date,  Zeitschrift  fur  analytische  Chemie 
1877  to  date,  The  Analyst 
1896  to  date,  Arinales  de  chimie  analytique 
In  addition,  the  special  serials  upon  the  topic  should  be  used'.  :     *^1 

33 


INTEBLIBRARY  LOANS 

If  your  library  does  not  own  the  serial  or  the  book  needed,  the  system  of 
interlibrary  loans  may  be  used;  thus,  any  library  is  able  to  borrow  from  some 
other  that  does  possess  it,  almost  any  serial  or  book ;  the  borrowing  library  usually 
pays  all  expenses  and  takes  the  responsibility  for  the  article's  return;  a  depart- 
ment may  ask  the  graduate  students  to  pay  half  or  all,  or  none,  but  the  library 
does  the  borrowing.  This  privilege  may  be  varied  by  making  copies  by  means  of 
photography  or  by  typing,  in  case  a  book  or  serials  are  too  precious  or  in  use, 
e.  g.,  unbound  serials  are  not  often  lent. 

This  loan  system  is  aided  by  the  union  lists  of  serials,  that  have  been  made 
for  many  cities  and  other  centers  of  libraries.  These  are  available  for  the  follow- 
ing localities :  Washington,  D.  C.,  New  York  City,  Chicago,  Boston,  Philadelphia, 
Pittsburgh,  Toronto,  Rochester,  University  of  Illinois,  the  state  of  Indiana,  and 
some  others.  The  Chemists'  Club  in  New  York  does  some  reference  work,  locating 
and  furnishing  copies  of  articles.  The  Information  service  of  the  National  Re- 
search Council,  1701  Massachusetts  avenue,  N.  W.,  Washington,  D.  C.,  will  too, 
but  for  any  considerable  article  the  cost  is  estimated  and  notice  of  this  sent  first. 
The  Engineering  Societies '  Library,  New  York,  has  a  similar  service. 

The  more  popular  articles  may  of  course  be  found  from  the  general  serials 
by  the  use  of  the  Poole's  Index,  continued  by  the  Cumulative  Index,  1896-1903, 
and  the  Readers'  Guide,  1903  to  date.  A  select  list  of  scientific  serials  is  indexed 
by  the  Industrial  Arts  Index,  1913-,  another  by  the  Index  to  Agricultural  Liter- 
ature, 1916-,  and  a  third  group  is  dealt  with  by  the  Engineering  Index,  which  is 
the  oldest  of  the  three,  dating  from  1884 ;  the  new  arrangement  with  entries  in  one 
alphabet  instead  of  a  separate  one  for  each  branch  of  engineering,  makes  this 
easier  to  use. 

REFERENCE  SERIALS 
SOME  OP  THE  PRINCIPAL  INDEX,  ABSTRACT  AND  REVIEW  SERIALS,  IN  THE  ORDER  dtF 

TIME  COVERED 
General  chemistry 

1789-1870    Annales  de  chimie  et  de  physique ;  a  few  abstracts  to  1873 
1822-1849     Jahresbericht   iiber  die   Fortschritte   der  Chemie   und   Mineralogie 

(Berzelius) 

1830-date     Chemisches  Zentralblatt ;  name  varies;  1830-31  not  here 
1832-1860     Annalen  der  Chemie ;  abstracts  were  never  numerous  and  gradually 

decreased 

1834-1873     Journal  f iir  praktische  Chemie ;  abstracts  practically  ceased  then 
1840-1858     The  Chemist ;  ceased  publication 
1841-date     Journal  of  the  Chemical  Society,  London;  the  volumes  for  1841  to 

1846  had  title  Memoirs,  but  index  for  them  is  in  first  collective 

one 

^1842-1859     The  Chemical  Gazette;  continued  by  the  Chemical  News 
1858-date     Bulletin  de  la  Societe  chimique  de  France 
1859-date     Chemical  News ;  abstracts  few  but  often  long,  even  to  reprints 
1867-1896    Berichte  der  deutschen  chemischen  Gesellschaft ;  after  this  date  the 

abstracts  are  in  the  Chemisches  Zentralblatt 


1877-date     Chemiker-Zeitung :  Repertorium ;  sometimes  bound  separately 

1879-1905     Journal  of  the  American  Chemical  society 

1891-date     Jahrbuch  der  Chemie  (Meyer)  ;  selected  abstracts  only 

1899-1918     Revue  generale  de  chimie  pure  et  appliquee;  abstracts  section  called 

Repertoire,  and  bound  separately  part  of  the  time;  the  serial 

has  not  been  received  here  since  1918 
1901-date     International  Catalogue  of  Scientific  Literature:  Chemistry;  this  is 

an  index  serial,  no  abstract  of  contents  of  papers 
1904-date     Chemical  Society,  London  :  Annual  Reports ;  this  reviews  the  progress 

made,  noting  important  articles  only 
1907-date     Chemical  Abstracts;  has  one  collective  index 


Agricultural  chemistry 

1858-date  Jahresbericht  iiber  die  Fortschritte  auf  dem  Gesammtgebiete  der 
Agrikulturchemie  (Hoffman) 

1872-date     Zentralblatt  fiir  Agrikulturchemie  (Biedermann) 

1889-date     Experiment  Station  Record  (U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture) 

Analytical 

1862-date     Zeitschrift  fiir  analytische  Chemie 

1877-date     The  Analyst 

1896-date     Annales  de  chimie  analytique  et  de  chimie  appliquee 

1908-date     Annales  des  falsifications  (now,  et  des  fraudes) 

Biochemical 

1871-1918  Jahresbericht  iiber  die  Fortschritte  der  Tier-Chemie  .  .  .  continued 
by  Berichte  iiber  die  gesamte  Physiologic,  1919  on 

1899-date     Journal  de  physiologic  et  de  pathologic  generale 

1900-  ?  Centralblatt  der  experimentelle  Medizin ;  titles  were  Centralblatt  fiir 
Stoffwechsel-  und  Verdauungskrankheiten  1900-05;  Zentral- 
blatt fiir  Physiologic  und  Pathologic  des  Stoffwechsels,  1906- 
11;  none  received  since  July,  1914. 

1902-date  Zentralblatt  fiir  Biochemie  und  Biophysik;  this  was  Biochemische*; 
Centralblatt,  1902-09;  is  now  Berichte  (1919  on),  below 

1916-date     Physiological  Abstracts 

1919-date  Berichte  iiber  die  gesamte  Physiologic  und  experimentelle  Pharma- 
kologie  (Neue  Folge  des  Zentralblatts  fiir  Biochemie) 

1921-date     Physiological  Reviews ;  this  is  a  review  serial,  American 

Food 

1882-date  Zeitschrift  fiir  Untersuchung  der  Nahrungs-  und  Genussmittel :  1882- 
90  had  title  Vierteljahresschrift  der  Chemie  der  .  .  . 

1889-date     Experiment  Station  Record  (U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agric.) 

1891-date     Zeitschrift  fiir  Fleisch-  und  Milchhygiene 

1891-date     Hygienische  Rundschau 

1901-date  Repertoire  .  .  .  sur  la  composition  ...  des  denrees  alimentaires  (first 
three  volumes  published  in  Dutch) 

1908-date     Annales  des  falsifications  et  des  fraudes 

35 


Organic 

Here  because  of  the  existence  of  Richter's  Lexikon,  and  its  supplement,  the 
Literatur-Register,  with  Beilstein's  Handbuch,  there  is  less  need  for  the  reference 
serials;  this  should  be  noted  however,  that  annual  indexes  by  formula,  for  or- 
ganic compounds  discussed  in  their  own  original  articles,  are  published  by  certain 
serials,  thus  providing  lists  newer  even  than  the  Literatur-Register.  These  serials 
are: 

Annalen  der  Chemie 

Annales  de  chimie 

Berichte  der  deutschen  chemischen  Gesellschaft 

Journal  fiir  praktische  Chemie 

Journal  of  the  Chemical  Society  (in  the  Transactions  section) 

Monatshefte 

Recueil  des  travaux  chimiques  des  Pays-Bas 

These  of  course  need  only  be  used  for  very  recent  years :  they  have  not  always 
had  the  formula  indexes ;  such  an  index  is  in  the  Jahresbericht  (Liebig  and  Kopp) 
1905-10 ;  a  formula  index,  giving  both  inorganic  and  organic  compounds  is  a  new 
feature  of  the  annual  index  of  Chemical  Abstracts,  beginning  with  1920. 

Phamaceutical 

1809-date     Journal  de  pharmacie  et  de  chimie  (ser.  1,  1809-  14  called  Bulletin)  ; 

set  at  Illinois  is  not  complete 
1830-date     American  Journal  of  Pharmacy 
1841-date     Pharmaceutical  Journal  and  Transactions    (now  Pharmacist)  ;   this 

has  very  few  abstracts  now 
1842-1859     Chemical  Gazette 
1851-date     American  Pharmaceutical  Association :  Proceedings ;  called  Yearbook, 

1912  on 
1919-date     Berichte  iiber  die  gesamte    Physiologic  und    experimentelle    Phar- 

makologie 

Some  pharmaceutical  literature  is  abstracted  in  the  serials  on  biochemistry, 
particularly  the  Jahresbericht  (Maly)  1870  to  1918. 

Physical 

1889-1904    Zeitschrift  fur  physikalische  Chemie 

1894-1907     Jahrbuch  der  Elektrochemie  und  angewandten  physikalischen  Chemio 

1896-1906     Journal  of  Physical  Chemistry 

1903-1912     Journal  de  chimie  physique 

1904-date  Fortschritte  der  Chemie,  Physik  und  pliysikalische  Chemie ;  this  was 
an  abstract  serial,  1904-09  with  title  Physikalisch-chemisches 
Centralblatt  and  was  called  "international' ;  with  the  new  name 
it  became  a  review  serial 

Technological 

1855-date     Jahresbericht    iiber    die    Leistungen    der    chemischen    Technologic 

(Wagner) 

1877-date     Chemiker-Zeitung :  Repertorium 

36 


1880-1905     Technisch-chemisches  Jahrbuch 

1882-date     Journal  of  the  Society  of  Chemical  Industry 

1887-1918  Zeitschrift  fur  angewandte  Chemie;  abstracts  1919  on,  are  techno- 
logical section  of  Chemisches  Zentralblatt ;  the  Zeitschrift  was 
preceded  by  Repertorium  der  analytischen  Chemie,  1881-87 

1898-date  La  revue  des  produits  chimiques;  organ  of  Le  Cercle  de  la  Chimie; 
set  at  Illinois  is  incomplete 

1909-date  Journal  of  Industrial  and  Engineering  Chemistry;  the  abstracts  in 
this  began  in  1914,  and  are  for  U.  S.  and  State  publications 

1914-1917  Journal  of  Chemical  Technology ;  for  chemists  of  the  British  empire ; 
seems  to  have  been  stopped  by  war 

1914-date     L  'Industrie  chimique 

1916-date  Reports  of  the  Progress  of  Applied  Chemistry,  by  the  Society  of 
Chemical  Industry;  review  serial,  similar  to  the  Annual  Re- 
ports of  the  Chemical  Society 

1918-date     Chimie  et  industrie 

1919-date     Giornale  di  chimica  industriale  ed  applicata 


LECTURE  8 

SUMMARY  ON  THE  HISTORY  OF   CHEMISTRY,  WITH  REFERENCES 
ANCIENT  PERIOD  TO  ABOUT  350  A.  D. 

Our  knowledge  of  the  chemistry  of  the  ancient  period  is  drawn  largely  from 
material  objects  rather  than  from  written  sources;  the  Egyptian  manuscripts, 
records  from  the  north  central  part  of  Asia,  the  discoveries  of  archaeologists  in 
Chaldea,  Crete,  Egypt,  with  the  records  from  India  and  China,  form  the  principal 
part  of  the  actual  historical  information ;  various  legends  or  traditions  add  some- 
thing, that  may  be  true,  or  present  evidence  that  leads  us  to  believe  the  statements 
by  early  writers.  During  this  period,  there  was,  certainly,  an  accumulation  of 
facts  about  substances,  their  properties  and  uses,  while  important  discoveries 
were  made  often  by  accident.  Means  of  record  were  few,  the  desire  to  share 
knowledge  was  not  general,  and  the  loss  of  valuable  information  was  possible. 
Theory  was  almost  neglected,  except  for  speculation  on  the  kind  and  nature  of 
the  primary  substance  or  on  the  elements.  The  amount  of  practical  knowledge 
seems  to  have  been  much  alike  in  all  the  divisions  of  the  earth  that  had  arrived 
at  a  certain  stage ;  drugs,  dyes,  the  more  obvious  metals  or  those  most  readily 
obtained  and  worked,  making  of  glass  and  pottery,  tanning,  textile  industry, 
preparation  of  some  of  the  compounds  we  call  chemical  as  inks,  paints,  acids,  oils, 
extracts,  and  some  metallic  salts. 

ALCHEMICAL  PERIOD,  TO  ABOUT  1500  A.  D. 

In  the  period  of  alchemy,  chemical  knowledge  was  deliberately  restricted  to 
those  persons  whom  the  teacher  thought  suitable,  generally  the  apprentice  or 
assistant  who  worked  years  before  being  told  his  master's  secret  methods. 

37 


Faulty  translation  of  the  Egyptian  and  some  of  the  later  Arabic  manuscripts  led 
men  to  think  that  their  predecessors  had  made  gold  and  silver,  whereas  the  direc- 
tions given  were  for  the  making  of  alloys  resembling  the  precious  metals. 

The  Greek  philospher  Democritus  470  (?)  to  362  ( ?)  B.  C.,  wrote  upon  chem- 
istry; his  statements  were  taken  over  by  Arabian  writers,  later  translated  into 
Hebrew,  and  then  to  Latin ;  comparison  of  the  original  Greek  text,  the  papyrus 
from  Egypt  and  the  Latin  of  the  period  of  alchemy  shows  the  confusion  that  arose 
in  the  attempts  to  repeat  the  Egyptian  work.  In  this  futile  work,  improvements 
were  made  in  apparatus  and  technique,  but  scarcely  any  truly  scientific  advance. 
Some  individuals  made  scattered  discoveries,  as  Roger  Bacon  (1214-84), 
* '  demonstrated  that  things  are  deemed  to  be  supernatural  merely  through  ignor 
ance  of  natural  philosphy"  (Brown),  but  even  Bacon  had  to  profess  to  believe  in 
magic  to  save  his  life.  His  work  with  gunpowder  is  the  best  known  but  his  real 
service  was  to  give  an  impulse  to  original  research,  instead  of'  accepting  older 
authorities  blindly. 

PERIOD  OF  MEDICAL  CHEMISTRY    (lATROCHEMISTRY)    1500  TO  1650  OR  1680 

This  was  a  fairly  logical  result  of  the  idea  of  alchemy ;  a  substance  capable 
of  transforming  base  metals  into  gold  and  silver  must  be  powerful,  and  as  a 
medicine  would  probably  be  a  universal  remedy,  a  panacea  for  all  ills.  All  that 
was  needed  then,  granted  that  the  philosopher's  stone  existed  or  could  be  made, 
was  to  find  a  solvent ;  and  it  seemed  probable  that  this  solution,  elixir,  should  be 
capable  of  prolonging  life  or  causing  eternal  youth.  Theory  was  lost  sight  of 
and  science  was  not,  in  the  struggle  for  this  elixir.  Physicians  or  those  who 
claimed  to  be  were  the  chemists ;  however  in  some  cases  they  hit  upon  compounds 
of  actual  value  as  medicines.  Paracelsus  scarcely  conceded  chemistry  a  place  as 
a  science,  but  claimed  that  every  physician  should  be  taught  it ;  some  attempts 
were  made  to  communicate  information  discovered,  but  van  Helmont's  work  on 
gases  was  practically  lost  for  a  century. 

PERIOD  OF  PHLOGISTON   1680  TO   1780 

The  idea  that  some  connection  existed  between  air,  fire,  combustion  and 
respiration,  had  been  suggested;  Roger  Bacon  called  air  the  food  of  fire.  But 
it  remained  for  two  German  chemists  to  present  the  explanation  of  combustion 
in  a  plausible  form,  i.  e.,  that  every  substance  that  was  affected  by  fire  in  the 
manner  of  being  burned  possessed  some  quantity  of  an  imperceptible,  perhaps 
imponderable  constituent,  (one  man  suggested  that  it  had  a  negative  weight), 
elementary  in  character.  This  phlogiston,  mere  name  as  it  was,  persisted  for  more 
than  a  century,  and  eminent  men  made  out  careful  tables  showing  the  quantities 
of  phlogiston  in  various  compounds  and  substances.  Not  till  the  study  of  gases 
had  progressed  till  van  Helmont's  gas  sylvestre  was  rediscovered,  and  oxygen 
was  isolated,  identified,  named  and  fairly  thrust  upon  the  scientific  world,  was 
the  phlogiston  theory  actually  given  up. 

MODERN  PERIOD  1780  TO    ? 

This  is  usually  assumed  to  begin  with  the  acceptance  of  the  new  element 
oxygen,  after  the  publication  of  Lavoisier's  paper.  Now  it  became  possible  to 

38 


do  real  analysis,  and  the  improved  methods  made  accurate  work ;  the  next  step 
was  synthesis,  then  the  study  of  the  complex  substances  of  living  matter,  and  the 
discovery  that  organic  compounds  could  be  made  without  the  aid  of  the  vital  prin- 
ciple, with  Wohler  's  synthesis  of  urea.  This  began  the  study  of  the  carbon  com- 
pounds; it  took  first  place  for  many  years  and  it  is  a  question  now  answered 
according  to  the  speaker's  personal  bias,  whether  the  present  science  is  chiefly 
physical  chemistry  as  the  elder  Ostwald  said  in  1884,  the  chemistry 
of  colloids  (the  younger  Ostwald  proclaimed  this  in  1906  "the  chemistry 
of  the  twentieth  century"),  the  chemistry  of  the  radioactive  elements,  pure  or- 
ganic chemistry,  or,  what  is  perhaps  its  most  important  application,  biochemistry, 
i.  e. ,  that  of  living  matter. 

Some  prefer  to  divide  this  time,  1780  on,  into  the  quantitative,  and  later  the 
carbon  periods,  while  Kekule's  explanation  of  the  structure  of  carbon  compounds 
is  another  landmark. 

Since  then,  the  commercial  side  of  the  science  has  grown  and  extended  into 
almost  every  industry.  The  discovery  of  radium  and  radio-activity  opened  a 
new  chapter  in  theory,  and  lends  a  semblance  of  truth  to  the  early  conception  of 
a  universal ' '  primitive ' '  substance.  Electrochemistry,  physical  and  colloid  chem- 
istry, the  metallographic  study  of  alloys,  applications  of  chemical  science  in 
agriculture,  biology,  and  medicine  have  put  chemistry  in  close  contact  with  nearly 
every  man 's  life.  The  development  of  chemistry  as  an  important  weapon  in  war 
emphasized  the  variety  and  importance  of  the  resourses  for  that  purpose  in  a 
manner  beyond  the  wildest  imaginings  of  the  writers  of  fiction;  this  moreover 
served  to  bring  chemistry  into  universal  notice,  and  emphasize  its  value  as  a 
curative  agent  for  the  harm  it  was  doing.  The  history  of  the  science  since  1890 
or  1900  has  yet  to  be  written,  for  any  contemporary  account  lacks  the  perspective, 
given  by  time,  that  enables  the  historian  to  decide  on  what  was  of  real  importance. 

REFERENCES  ON  THE  HISTORY  OF  CHEMISTRY 

The  references  given  below,  no.  1-4,  present  in  a  little  over  a  hundred  pages, 
a  concise  history  of  general  chemistry  in  English. 

1.  Ancient,  alchemical,  iatrochemical,  to  1650 

Ramsays,  Essays,  pp.  1-17 ;  or  Moore,  History,  pp.  1-24 ;  or  Thorpe, 
v.  I,  pp.  1-53 

2.  Phlogiston,  Boyle  to  Lavoisier,  1650-1790 

Tilden,    Short  history,    Ed.  2,  pp.  1-17 ;  or  Moore,  pp.    25-46 ;   or 
Ladenburg,   History,  pp.  1-12 ;  or  Thorpe,  I,  pp.  54-83 

3.  Modern,  1780-1820,  Dalton  to  Berzelius,  inclusive,  in  part 

Brown,  History,  pp.  313-352,  or  Thorpe,  I,  pp.  84-120 

4.  Modern,  1820-1900,  Liebig  and  later  workers 

Thorpe,  Essays,  Ed.  2,  chap.  16,  pp.  514-553 

Supplementary  chapters  in  English  are  also  found  in  these: 
1,  a.     Ancient 

Bauer,  History,  pp.  1-60;  Meyer,  History,  pp.  1-20,  Ed.  of  1891 
Later  chapters  in  each  take  up  alchemy  and  iatrochemistry,  at  more  length. 


2,a.     Phlogiston 

Brown,  History,  pp.  224-274 

Ramsay,  Essays,  pp.  18-30 
4,a.     1820-1900,  in  Great  Britain  particularly 

Thorpe,  Essays,  Ed.  2,  chap.  17,  pp.  554-582 

Tilden  in  his  Chemical  discovery  and  invention  in  the  twentieth  century, 
1916,  considers  most  of  the  important  developments  up  to  the  entrance  of  chem- 
istry into  the  war. 

4,b.  Jones,  New  era  in  chemistry,  pp.  1-75;  this  is  descriptive  of  the  nc\v«T 
research. 

For  American  chemical  history  and  biography  in  particular  there  are  besides 
a  number  of  papers  by  various  authors,  usually  found  in  the  Journal  of  the 
American  Chemical  Society,  the  following  books,  all  by  Edgar  F.  Smith : 

Chemistry  in  America ;  chapters  from  the  history  of  the  science  in  the  United 
States.  1914. 

The  life  of  Robert  Hare,  an  American  chemist,  1781-1858.    1917. 

James  Woodhouse,  a  pioneer  in  chemistry,  1770-1809.    1918. 

Chemistry  in  old  Philadelphia.    1919. 

Priestley  in  America,  1794-1804.    1921. 

A  number  of  works  have  appeared  recently,  but  it  is  too  soon  for  the  complete 
history  of  chemistry  in  the  war  during  1914-19  to  be  written,  and  the  section  of 
new  developments  in  medicine  will  be  nearly  equal  to  that  describing  chemicals 
as  weapons. 


LECTURE  9. 

ORGANIC  CHEMISTRY  :  BOOKS  AND  WORKS  OF  REFERENCE 

The  distinction  between  the  chemistry  of  living  and  non-living  matter  was 
first  made  by  Nicholas  Lemery  in  his  Cours  de  Chymie,  in  1675.  The  term 
'organic  chemistry'  was  not  in  use  till  nearly  or  quite  1800 ;  the  authors  discussed 
the  chemistry  of  animal  and  vegetable  matter.  This  division  of  chemistry  is  thus 
more  recent  in  some  ways  than  the  inorganic,  but  the  literature  is  voluminous 
and  well  arranged  for  use. 

The  books  and  reference  works  may  be  grouped  as  follows : 

A.  Books  in  general 

1.  Comprehensive  descriptive 

2.  Briefer  works 

3.  Laboratory  manuals 

B.  Special  works 

1.  Methods 

2.  Preparations 

3.  Analysis 

40 


C.     Works  of  Reference 

1.  Cyclopedia 

2.  Dictionary 

3.  Tables  of  data 

A.  1.     Comprehensive  works 

The  general  works  in  English  now  (1921)  are  not  very  satisfactory;  the 
best  one,  written  in  English,  is  Cohen's  Organic  chemistry,  3  volumes,  Ed.  2, 
1919,  Ed.  3,  1921 ;  this  is  rather  a  discussion  of  selected  topics  than  a  complete 
treatise.  The  organic  part  of  Roscoe  and  Schorlemmer  in  English  has  not  been 
revised  for  about  thirty  years.  So  far,  only  the  first  volume  of  the  eleventh 
edition  of  Victor  von  Richter's  Chemie  der  Kohlenstoffverbindungen,  oder  or- 
ganische  Chemie,  1909,  has  been  translated  into  English ;  this  too  is  more  a  dis- 
cussion of  compounds  than  anything  else.  The  most  elaborate  one,  having 
theoretical  discussion  as  well  as  mere  description,  is  the  Lehrbuch  der  organischen 
Chemie,  begun  under  the  editorship  of  Victor  Meyer  and  Paul  Jacobson ;  the 
publication  of  the  second  edition,  started  in  1907  is  not  completed.  Hilditch  in 
his  Third  Year  course  organic  chemistry,  1914,  gives  advanced  work  upon  complex 
-compounds.  Pope,  Modern  researches  in  organic  chemistry,  1912,  Ed.  2,  1921, 
Stewart,  Recent  advances,  Ed.  4,  1921,  and  Lachmann,  Spirit  of  organic  chemis- 
try, 1899,  Henrich,  Theorien  der  organischen  Chemie,  1912,  combine  history  and 
theory;  a  translation  of  Henrich  into  English  is  now  in  press;  Hjelt,  Geschichte 
der  organischen  Chemie,  1916,  puts  history  first,  but  gives  much  theory. 

A.  2.     Briefer  works 

These  are  available  here  in  English  and  in  French.  The  most  recent  is  Cham- 
berlain's Textbook  of  organic  chemistry,  1921,  nearly  a  thousand  pages,  with 
much  detail,  and  special  attention  to  industrial  problems.  H.  T.  Clarke's  Intro- 
duction to  organic  chemistry,  1914,  is  less  extensive,  but  easy  to  read.  Cohen's 
Theoretical  organic  chemistry  is  an  older  work,  printed  in  small  type;  "W.  A. 
Noyes'  Textbook  is  slightly  smaller  than  Clarke's  but  very  condensed;  a  new 
edition  is  being  prepared.  Notions  fondamentales  de  chimie  organique,  by 
Charles  Moureu,  1913,  now  available  in  English,  is  very  similar  to  these  just 
mentioned,  though  it  is  perhaps  more  like  J.  F.  Norris'  Principles  of  organic 
chemistry,  1912.  The  one  by  Perkin  and  Kipping,  new  edition  printed  in  1917, 
unlike  the  Holleman  contains  some  directions  for  laboratory  work  in 
addition  to  the  theoretical  and  descriptive  matter.  Chamberlain's  Or- 
ganic agricultural  chemistry,  1917,  is  for  students  in  a  special  field;  the  books 
of  Haskins,  Ed.  2,  and  McCollum,  1921,  giving  briefly  organic  chemistry  for 
students  of  medicine  and  biology,  are  smaller,  while  Moore's  book  is  frankly 
elementary.  McCollum  has  no  laboratory  work  in  his  text. 

A.  3.     Laboratory  manuals 

These  are  numerous,  since  most  authors  prefer  their  own  idea  of  what  a 
manual  should  be ;  Cohen,  Noyes,  Norris,  Hollemann,  Moore,  each  has  one,  usually 
revised  often.  Others  are  by  Jones,  Sudborough  and  James  (with  photographs 
of  apparatus)  ;  and  perhaps  the  best,  the  newest  revision  of  Gattermann,  in 
English;  Price  and  Twiss,  Course  of  practical  organic  chemistry,  Ed.  2,  1914,  is 

41 


very  little  more  than  a  laboratory  manual.  The  revised  Bernthsen  is  very  like 
the  Sudborough  and  James.  H.  L.  Fisher's  manual,  1920,  American,  is  said  to 
be  good. 

B.  1.    Special  works  on  methods 

Here  the  most  useful  books  are  German ;  Lassar-Cohn,  Arbeitsmethoden  f ill- 
organisch-chemische  Laboratorien,  Ed.  2,  1907,  has  a  general  and  special  section, 
the  latter  sometimes  bound  in  two  pieces.  Hans  Meyer,  Analyse  und  Konstitu- 
tionsermittelung  organischer  Verbindungen,  1903,  has  some  good  material,  and 
has  been  translated  into  English.  Th.  Weyl  's  Die  Methoden  der  organischen 
Chemie,  2  vol.  in  3,  1909,  has  been  translated  into  French;  the  new  German 
edition,  of  1921,  is  to  be  in  four  much  larger  volumes  under  the  editorship  of 
Houben.  The  laboratory  manuals  all  give  some  account  of  the  more  general 
methods. 

B.  2.     Preparations 

The  German  work  by  Bender  and  Erdmann,  (1893)  has  been  replaced  by 
the  work  of  Vanino,  Handbuch  der  praparativen  Chemie,  2  vol.,  1914;  K.  Elbe, 
Die  synthetische  Darstellungsmethoden  der  Kohlenstoff-verbindungen,  2  vol.  in  1, 
1889-91,  is  much  less.  A  smaller  but  more  recent  work  is  Posner,  Lehrbuch  der 
synthetischen  Methoden  der  organischen  Chemie,  1903;  smaller  yet  are  Levy, 
1902,  Ullmann,  1908,  Henle,  1909,  and  the  Ed.  8  of  E.  Fischer's,  1908,  which  can 
be  had  in  English  too. 

In  English  the  first  volume  of  Meldola,  Chemical  synthesis  of  vital  products, 
was  published  in  1904 ;  the  newest  considerable  work  here  is  Barnett,  Preparation 
of  organic  compounds,  Ed.  2  appearing  in  1920.  Fischer's  small  work  has  been 
translated.  Several  numbers  have  been  published  of  Organic  Chemical  Reagents, 
by  R.  Adams,  0.  Kamm  and  C.  S.  Marvel,  1919-date,  as  bulletins  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Illinois,  and  others  are  in  preparation.  The  first  volume  appears  in 
September,  1921,  of  Organic  Synthesis,  an  annual  publication  of  satisfactory 
methods  for  the  preparation  of  organic  chemicals;  the  editorial  board,  is  R. 
Adams,  H.  T.  Clarke,  J.  B.  Conant  and  0.  Kamm,  and  the  intention  is  to  give 
methods  that  have  been  tested  and  proved  to  work  well. 

B.  3.     Works  on  organic  analysis 

These  include  (a),  general  comprehensive,  (b),  brief  works,  and  (c),  those 
upon  industrial  analysis.  Under  (a),  the  most  elaborate  is  Identification  of  pure 
organic  compounds,  by  Mulliken,  three  volumes  are  now  published  with  a  fourth 
in  preparation.  Sherman,  Organic  analysis,  in  the  new  edition  is  very  good ;  with 
Clarke 's  Handbook  of  organic  analysis,  most  substances  may  be  identified ;  there 
are  smaller  works  by  Rakshit,  new  editions  of  Noyes  and  Mulliken,  Neave,  and 
Weston.  We  have  Kingscott  and  Knight,  an  English  text  on  quantitative  organic 
analysis. 

In  German,  Rosenthaler,  Der  Nachweis  organischer  Verbindungen,  1914, 1070 
pp.,  published  as  vol.  19-20  of  Margosches,  Die  Chemische  Analyse,  is  the  largest 
and  states  that  it  gives  selected  reactions  and  processes ;  H.  Meyer,  Analyse,  noted 
under  B,  1,  Methods,  is  next  in  size,  but  older,  and  an  English  version  exists.  G. 

42 


Cohn  has  two  huge  volumes,  Die  organische  Geschmackstoffe,  1914,  and  Die  organ- 
ische  Riechstoffe,  in  which  he  groups  organic  compounds  and  tests  for  them  by 
odor  and  flavor.  Vaubel,  Quantitative  Bestimmung  organischer  Verbindungen, 
2  vol.  1902,  is  now  old.  A  new  laboratory  manual  for  qualitative  organic  analysis 
is  now  in  preparation  by  Dr.  O.  Kamm,  to  be  published  early  in  1922. 

The  industrial  works  are  numerous,  mostly  large ;  Allen,  Commercial  organic 
analysis,  Ed.  4  has  9  volumes,  with  some  new  data  and  a  collective  index  to  the  set 
in  the  ninth  volume.  Lunge,  Technical  analysis,  six  large  volumes  in  the  English 
version,  is  largely  but  not  wholly  organic.  Villavecchia,  1918,  2  volumes  in  Eng- 
lish gives  very  new  methods.  There  is  some  material  upon  analysis  in  the  indus- 
trial organic  volumes  of  Molinari,  Martin,  Sadtler,  Herzog  (in  German)  using 
newest  edition  in  all  cases;  Leach,  Ed.  4  is  invaluable  for  food  analysis,  while 
other  special  organic  industries  have  each  their  own  special  works. 

C.     Works  used  for  reference 

C,  1.  The  encyclopedia  of  organic  chemistry  at  present  is  the  Handbuch, 
founded  by  Beilstein ;  Ed.  3  is  the  one  in  use,  but  several  volumes  of  the  fifteen 
that  will  make  up  the  fourth  edition  are  here.  There  has  been  some  discussion 
upon  a  substitute  in  English.  Friedrich  Konrad  Beilstein,  1839-1906,  Russian 
by  birth,  began  while  a  student  under  Wohler  at  Gottingen,  to  keep  a  systematic 
record  of  the  literature  upon  organic  substances.  The  first  edition  of  these  notes 
was  published  in  1881 ;  the  third  edition,  in  four  volumes  each  containing  an  in- 
dex, and  four  supplementary  ones,  with  a  ninth  volume  having  a  collective  index 
for  all,  makes  available  in  one  place  the  literature  of  organic  chemistry  through 
July  1903 ;  the  fourth  edition  will  cover  ail  the  literature  to  January  1,  1910. 

For  each  substance  there  is  given  the  name  or  names;  the  formula  (empiri- 
cal) ;  then  follow  a  brief  history,  occurence,  formation,  methods  of  preparation, 
physical  and  chemical  properties  and  reactions,  salts  (of  acids  and  bases),  some 
other  compounds  and  derivatives.  Reference  is  made  in  the  collective  index  for 
Ed.  3  thus:  II,  1457  (743),  that  is,  information  found  in  the  original  volume  II 
on  page  1457  is  supplemented  by  newer  material  in  Erganzungsband  (supp.)  vol. 
II,  p.  743.  The  fourth  edition  is  practically  the  same  in  arrangement  as  the  third. 
The  Deutsche  chemische  Gesellschaft  assumed  editorial  responsibility,  with  the 
first  volume  of  the  supplement  to  Ed.  3,  while  the  financing  is  done  by  German 
firms  interested  in  the  chemical  and  related  industries. 

C.  2.     Dictionary 

Here  again  we  have  only  one  work,  and  that  is  in  German,  for  which  an 
English  substitute  has  been  suggested.  Max  Moritz  Richter  (not  Victor  von 
Richter  of  the  organic  textbook)  published  in  1884,  a  small  volume  to  serve  pri- 
marily as  a  formula  index  to  Beilstein 's  Handbuch;  the  16,000  compounds  of 
this  first  edition  seem  few  by  comparison  with  the  250,000  of  the  third  edition, 
which  includes  the  literature  through  November,  1909.  Of  the  supplement, 
Literatur-Register,  edited  by  Stelzner,  two  sections  covering  1910-11,  1912-13, 
using  the  same  general  plan  as  the  original,  have  been  received. 

The  preface  to  Richter 's  Lexikon,  in  German,  French,  English,  and  Italian 
explains  the  method  of  arrangement  clearly;  substances  are  entered  under  the 

43 


formula,  the  compounds  being  placed  in  groups  according  to,  first,  the  number 
of  atoms  of  carbon,  then  by  the  number  of  other  elements  besides  carbon,  thus 
C  H  precedes  all  C  H  0,  because  in  the  first  compound  there  is  one  element  in 
addition  to  the  C,  while  in  the  second  there  are  two.  The  formulas  are  written 
with  the  elements  in  a  fixed  order,  C  first,  then  these  H,  0,  N,  Cl,  Br,  J  (I) ,  F,  S,  P, 
and  after  these  (which  are  sometimes  termed  the  "chemical  alphabet")  are  the 
other  elements  entering  into  the  compound  in  alphabetical  order  (according  to 
chemical  symbol) .  The  arrangement  then  requires  that  we  know,  first  the  number 
of  carbon  atoms,  the  number  of  other  elements  present,  and  the  number  of  atoms 
of  each  of  these  elements. 

Note  that  at  the  top  of  each  page  the  number  of  C  atoms,  and  the  number 
of  other  elements  is  given,  thus :  5  IV,  7  III,  19  VI.  Brief  data  are  given,  name, 
boiling  or  melting  points,  one  or  two  references,  and — most  important — the  refer- 
ence to  Ed.  3  of  Beilstein.  This  is  never  called  by  name,  but  a  heavy  dash  is 
followed  by  the  volume  and  page,  a  star  being  prefixed  if  the  reference  is  to 
the  Erganzungsband  (supplement)  ;  all  references  in  Richter,  Ed.  3  and  Stelzner, 
Literatur-Register,  v.  1-2  are  to  Ed.  3  of  Beilstein,  thus :  —II,  429 ;— *II,157. 
Tables  of  abbreviations  used  are  given  in  volume  I  of  Richter;  the  three  most 
Used  are  perhaps,  A.,  Annalen,  B.,  Berichte,  C.,  Chemisches  Zentralblatt.  If  you 
know  only  the  name  of  a  compound,  look  in  the  Beilstein  collective  index,  and  find 
the  formula;  then  it  can  be  looked  up  in  Richter  to  see  if  there  are  any  more 
recent  data.  If  you  know  the  formula  only,  look  in  Richter,  get  the  reference  to 
Beilstein,  and  find  there  a  quantity  of  material,  with  references  to  the  original 
papers  in  most  cases. 

C.  3.     Tables  of  data 

These  are,  aside  from  the  Lexikon,  the  principal  general  tables  of  chemical 
and  physical  data ;  the  larger  ones  are  the  Recueil  from  the  Societe  francaise  de 
physique,  1913 ;  the  fourth  edition  of  Landolt-Bornstein,  Physikalisch-chemische 
Tabellen ;  the  Annual  Tables,  vol.  4  and  5  published  in  1921 ;  and  the  older  tables 
with  English  descriptive  matter  by  Castell  Evans.  The  smaller  works  like  Van 
Nostrand's  Annual,  Chemists'  Yearbook,  give  data  on  the  more  common  com- 
pounds. 

Solubilities  are  given  in  Seidell  for  organic  substances ;  Scudder  in  his  Elec- 
trical conductivity  and  ionization  constants  of  organic  compounds,  1914,  gives 
data  with  references ;  R.  Kempf ,  Tabelle  der  wichtigsten  organischen  Verbindung- 
en  geordnet  nach  Schmelzpunkten,  1913,  presents  data  on  color,  boiling  point, 
name  and  reference  to  original  paper  and  to  Beilstein,  Ed.  3,  for  2500  common 
compounds. 


LECTURE  10 

ORGANIC  CHEMISTRY  :  SERIALS  AND  PATENT  LITERATURE 

The  serials  are : 

A.  Those  containing  original  papers  chiefly 

B.  Reference  serials 

C.  Patent  literature:  being  chiefly  serials  of  the  reference  type 

44 


A.  "Original  paper"  serials 

These  serials  include  practically  all  those  published,  except  a  few  upon  special 
phases,  inorganic  and  metallurgical ;  and  any  serial  on  chemistry  is  apt  to  have 
organic  papers,  since  organic  reagents  are  used  even  in  inorganic  work.  The 
principal  ones  may  be  noted  briefly;  they  include  now  the  Journals  of  the  Amer- 
ican and  English  societies;  Annalen,  Berichte,  Monatshefte,  Journal  fur  prak- 
tische  Chemie,  in  German;  Annales,  Bulletin,  (France)  Recueil,  and  Bulletin 
(Belgium)  in  French;  Helvetica  chimica  acta,  Gazzetta  chimica  italiana.  Thf* 
technical  serials  as  Chimie  et  Industrie,  Journal  of  the  Society  of  Chemical  In- 
dustry, Zeitschrift  fur  angwandte  Chemier  the  serials  on  special  topics  as  dye- 
stuffs,  leather  industry,  manufacture  of  chemicals,  drugs,  and  biochemistry,  all 
contain  much  upon  organic  chemistry.  The  American  Chemical  Journal,  merged 
in  the  Journal  of  the  American  Chemical  Society  with  January  1914,  was  largely 
organic.  All  these,  practically,  review  new  books,  but  of  the  general  ones,  only 
the  Journal  of  the  Chemical  Society  (English)  and  the  Bulletin  de  la  Societe 
chimique  de  France  now  have  abstracts. 

B.  Reference  serials 

The  most  comprehensive  one  for  organic  chemistry  is  probably  the  Chem- 
isches  Zentralblatt ;  second  is  the  Jahresbericht  (Liebig  and  Kopp)  ;  and  third, 
Journal  of  the  Chemical  Society ;  for  quick  service  the  last  is  best,  since  it  is  in 
English,  and  has  collective  indexes  for  the  longest  period,  1841-date ;  this  is  well 
supplemented,  the  last  collective  index  being  1903-12,  by  the  decennial  index  of 
Chemical  Abstracts  for  1907-16,  inclusive. 

Two  serials  that  do  not  attempt  to  include  all  papers,  are  of  great  value  Cor 
the  organic  chemist  in  particular,  since  they  give  excellent  abstracts  of  the  more 
important  papers,  omitting  the  less  valuable  ones.  The  older  is  the  Jahrbuch  der 
Chemie,  founded  by  Richard  Meyer  (who  is  yet  the  editor-in-chief)  in  1891;  it 
is  here  through  vol.  28,  i.  e.,  the  work  of  1918;  there  is  a  collective  index  for  the 
first  ten  volumes.  It  is  rather  a  review  serial,  since  one  man  is  responsible  for 
the  literature  of  a  field  for  the  year,  and  his  work  is  partly  critical  as  well.  The 
similar  one  in  English,  is  the  Annual  Reports  of  the  Progress  of  Chemistry,  1904 
to  date,  published  by  the  Chemical  Society,  in  London ;  this  has  only  the  annual 
indexes  at  present ;  while  this  is  largely  pure  chemistry,  the  topics  of  Agricultural 
Chemistry,  Foods,  and  Analysis  are  dealt  with  here.  Meyer's  Jahrbuch  frankly 
tries  to  include  both,  " Fortschritte  der  reinen  und  angewandten  Chemie",  while 
for  applied  chemistry  in  English  there  is  the  separate  publication,  1916  to  date, 
Reports  of  Progress  of  Applied  Chemistry,  published  by  the  Society  of  Chemical 
Industry.  Both  the  English  ones  are  of  the  review  type,  giving  some  critical  dis- 
cussion of  the  papers  considered  sufficiently  important  to  be  included. 

The  Annalen,  Annales,  Journal  fur  praktische  Chemie,  had  abstracts  till 
1860,  for  the  first,  and  to  about  1873  for  the  other  two.  The  Berichte  had  fair 
abstracts,  1867-96 ;  the  French  Bulletin  has  abstracts,  not  always  very  long,  1858- 
date ;  the  abstracts  of  the  Journal  of  the  Society  of  Chemical  Industry,  1882-datc, 
cover  organic  industrial  very  well;  Chemical  Abstracts,  1907-date,  includes  or- 
ganic, and  its  1920  index  has  a  formula  index  of  organic  compounds.  The  Zeit- 
schrift fur  angewandte  Chemie  has  good  abstracts,  for  industrial  organic,  from 

45 


1887-1918 ;  after  that  they  are  part  of  the  Cheraisches  Zentralblatt.  The  organic 
section  of  Wagner's  Jahresbericht  may  also  be  used  for  industrial  topics;  theory 
is  best  found  in  the  Journal  of  the  Chemical  Society. 

The  annual  formula  indexes  for  their  own  original  papers  in  Annalen, 
Annales,  Berichte,  Journal  fur  praktische  Chemie,  Journal  of  the  Chemical 
Society,  Monatshefte,  and  Recueil,  furnish  additional  material  for  the  years  after 
Literatur-Register,  at  present  for  1914  on.  The  formula  indexes  of  the  Jahres- 
bericht (Liebig  and  Kopp),  here,  are  older  than  the  Literatur  Register  and  there- 
fore need  not  be  used  often.  In  general,  the  organic  chemist,  for  any  compound, 
looks  first  in  Richter  and  the  Literatur-Register  volumes,  then  in  the  serials  since 
that;  the  fourth  edition  of  Beilstein  should  also  be  used  if  the  volumes  yet  pub- 
lished contain  the  group ;  otherwise,  take  the  reference  given  in  Richter 's  Lexikon, 
to  the  third  edition  of  Beilstein. 

C.      PATENT  LITERATURE,  FOR  ORGANIC   CHEMISTRY 

Here  the  most  comprehensive  work  is  the  serial  edited  by  Dr.  P.  Friedlander. 
Fortschritte  der  Teerfarbenfabrikation  und  verwandter  Industriezweige,  1877 
1916  (and  probably  to  date)  ;  the  volumes  give  patents,  and  for  Germany  some 
patent  applications,  contain  subject  indexes,  indexes  by  number  for  English, 
American  and  French  patents,  some  general  discussion  of  important  groups  and 
indexes  by  name  of  the  patentees.  Cumulative  indexes  are  in  vol.  4  and  the 
succeeding  ones,  for,  in  each  case,  volume  1  through  the  one  containing  the  index. 
Next  in  order  of  size  on  patents  is  the  book,  three  volumes,  edited  by  Adolf  Win- 
ther,  Zusamenstellung  der  Patente  auf  dem  Gebiete  der  organischen  Chemie, 
1877-1905,  published  1908-10;  the  third  volume  has  the  index  to  the  others,  and 
a  list  of  foreign,  i.  e.,  non-German  patents;  patents  here  and  elsewhere  under 
the  old  German  government,  1871  on,  are  indicated  by  the  letters  D.  R.  P,  Deut - 
sches  Reichs-Patent. 

In  addition  to  these  two  sources,  the  Journal  of  the  Society  of  Chemical 
Industry,  Wagner's  Jahresbericht,  and  the  Zeitschrift  fiir  angewandte  Chemie, 
the  three  chief  technical  serials,  have  indexes  to  patents  abstracted,  by  number 
as  well  as  by  subject  and  patentee ;  similar  number  indexes  are  in  the  reference 
serials  for  general  chemistry,  i.e.,  Chemisches  Zentralblatt,  Liebig  and  Kopp's 
Jabresbericht,  and  the  Chemical  Abstracts,  but  these  of  course  include  much  be- 
sides organic  patents.  Patents  too  are  abstracted  in  the  French  serials,  but  these 
cover  less  time ;  an  index  to  patents  both  abstracted  and  merely  noted  is  given  in 
the  Chemiker-Zeitung  and  in  Die  chemische  Industrie,  both  for  1877  to  date ;  the 
Patentberichte  of  the  latter  has,  beginning  with  January,  1919,  been  published 
also  separately,  on  one  side  of  the  paper  only,  for  filing;  both  these  serials  are 
devoted  chiefly  to  the  German  chemical  industries  and  their  upbuilding,  so  they 
include  all  the  patents  dealing  with  coal  tar  derivatives. 


46 


LECTURE  11 

APPLIED  CHEMISTRY  :  BOOKS 

Works  upon  this  topic  are  designated  in  the  card  catalogue  under  the  heading 
' '  chemical  technology ' ',  but  are  also  referred  to  at  times  as  upon  industrial  chem- 
istry ;  special  works  are  entered  in  the  catalogue  under  the  most  definite,  specific 
heading.  The  classes  of  books  in  this  group  are  as  many  as  the  industries  that 
use  chemistry;  progress  and  thus  change  is  so  rapid  that  by  the  time  a  process 
is  printed  in  a  book  for  public  use  it  has  often  been  dropped  by  the  industry  for 
a  newer,  better  one.  Principles,  and  very  general  methods  are,  however,  to  be  had 
in  books,  in  more  permanent  and  usable  form  than  from  serial  articles,  even  iC 
the  book  is  partly  out  of  date  by  the  time  the  final  proof  has  been  read.  All 
statements  with  regard  to  books  upon  applications  of  chemistry  must  be  con- 
sidered as  qualified  and  limited  by  the  specifications,  "best  at  present",  "most 
recent  work  available ' ',  or  some  similar  phrase. 

They  may  be  classed  in  four  groups,  as  follows : 

A.  Dictionaries  and  other  reference  works 

B.  General  descriptive  texts,  usually  emphasizing  manufacture 

C.  Books  upon  analysis,  adapted  for  technical  work 

D.  Books  upon  special  topics,  industries,  or  processes 
A.     Dictionaries  and  other  reference  works 

Here  the  newest  just  now  is  the  third  edition  of  Thorpe's  Dictionary  of  ap- 
plied chemistry,  vol.  1  published  early  in  1921,  to  be  six  volumes,  in  place  of  the 
Ed.  2,  with  five  volumes,  1910-12.  Next  to  this  is  Ullmann's  Enzyklopadie  der 
technischen  Chemie,  planned  to  be  ten  volumes;  vol.  8  includes  only  through 
Papiergarne,  so  the  ten  may  be  too  low  an  estimate ;  the  articles  are  of  fair  length, 
with  many  references  to  original  papers,  and  particularly  to  the  newest  German 
books,  including  some  published  in  1918. 

The  Condensed  Chemical  Dictionary,  1919,  is  for  the  technical  workers  who 
want  much  data  quickly ,upon  chemicals ;  the  Chemical  Directory  of  the  United 
States,  published  annually,  gives  the  names  of  chemicals,  the  manufacturers,  ap- 
paratus and  makers,  with  some  lists  of  consulting  chemists  and  recent  literature ; 
the  Chemical  Engineering  Catalog,  annual,  1916-,  presents  information  upon 
equipment,  chiefly  that  for  large-scale  production,  in  the  United  States.  Thero 
is  for  Great  Britain,  a  "Directory  of  members  of  association  of  British  chemical 
manufacturers",  giving  also  the  products  manufactured  by  each  firm,  listed  in 
English,  French,  Spanish,  Portuguese,  Russian,  and  Japanese,  but  no  copy  is 
here.  A  somewhat  similar  work,  combining  some  of  the  features  of  the  thre^ 
American  works  is  the  "International  Handbook  of  the  World's  chemical  Indus- 
try and  Trade";  Edition  E,  part  1,  was  published  in  1921;  the  book  uses  throe 
languages,  English,  French,  and  German,  and  while  perhaps  the  information  was 
not  all  obtained  at  first  hand,  it  seems  to  give  material  that  no  other  book  does. 

Reference  works  of  a  more  specialized  type  are  these :  Andes,  Technologis- 
ches  Lexikon,  and  three  volumes  by  Bersch,  Lexikon  der  Farbentechnik,  Lexikon 
der  Metalltechnik,  and  Allgemeine  Waarenkunde;  these  give  technical  German 
terms,  explained  in  more  usual  German  words ;  published  in  Vienna  originally, 
they  are  not  dated,  but  the  Chemisches  Zentralblatt  notes  the  publication  of  the 
final  parts  of  Andos  in  February,  1901.  J.  K.  Konig's  Warenlexikon  fur  den 

47 


Verkehr  mit  Drogen  und  Chemikalien,  had  Ed.  12  in  1911 ;  Ed.  1  of  E.  Lengning's 
Waren-Lexikon  fiir  Chemikalien  und  Drogen  is  of  1920,  and  gives  information 
upon  3460  substances,  naming  for  many  the  firm  (German  commonly  or  Scan- 
dinavian) that  can  furnish  them  at  present;  names  of  substances  are  in  German, 
and  French  or  Latin,  English,  and  Spanish,  with  composition,  preparation,  prop- 
erties and  uses ;  this  is  much  like  the  Condensed  Chemical  Dictionary,  but  has  a 
narrower  range  of  subjects. 

B.     General  descriptive  texts,  usually  emphasizing  manufacture 

The  newest,  or  most  recently  published  general  works  are  the  1920-21  edition 
of  Molinari,  Treatise  on  general  and  industrial  chemistry,  in  English  with  con- 
siderable material  added  by  the  translator;  one  volume  is  on  organic,  the  other 
upon  inorganic ;  prices  of  production,  given  in  the  earlier  editions  are  different 
now.  Martin,  Industrial  and  manufacturing  chemistry,  2  vol.  in  3,  1914-17, 
consists  of  separate  chapters  by  men  of  experience ;  references  are  given  to  the 
important  works  for  each  chapter  or  topic,  at  the  head  of  each  chapter,  while 
others  are  added  in  the  text.  The  newest  edition  of  Rogers,  Manual  of  industrial 
chemistry  (formerly  Rogers  and  Aubert),  Ed.  4,  1921,  gives  in  chapters  by 
authorities,  methods  particularly  important  because  -they  are  the  ones  used  in 
American  practice.  The  most  recent  work  here  in  French,  is  Chabrie,  Traite  do 
chimie  appliquee,  2  vol.,  1908.  Lewes  and  Brame,  Ed.  4,  1914,  Ed.  5,  1920,  Ser- 
vice chemistry,  for  the  use  of  English  army  and  navy  training  schools  is  really  a 
textbook,  descriptive,  but  has  more  material  upon  analysis  than  many;  all  how- 
ever, give  some  analytical  suggestions. 

An  English  work  now  in  press  is  A.  J.  Hale,  Modern  chemistry,  pure  and 
applied;  this  is  to  be  six  volumes,  of  which  the  first  two  are  published;  it  is 
described  as  not  for  research  workers  but  to  give  a  general  insight  into  the  every- 
day applications  of  chemical  science;  references  are  given,  but  the  descriptions 
of  technical  processes  are  sometimes  very  brief,  and  as  in  the  case  of  all  such 
treatises,  the  book  has  hard  work  keeping  up  to  the  current  advances.  Older  in 
English  are  Wagner,  Ed.  3  here,  and  Groves  and  Thorpe,  in  four  volumes ;  these 
are  valuable  chiefly  as  history.  Thorpe,  Outlines  of  industrial  chemistry,  Ed.  3, 
1916,  is  much  used  as  a, textbook;  Rogers,  Elements,  1916,  is  an  abridgement  of 
liis  Manual;  Benson,  is  of  the  same  type,  but  less;  Hart's  Textbook  of  chemical 
engineering,  1921,  is  about  the  same  size  and  according  to  one  reviewer  "des- 
•cribes  the  mechanical  operations  of  industrial  chemistry ' '. 

In  German,  of  the  recent  works  we  have  Wichelhaus,  Vorlesungen  iiber 
chemische  Technologic,  Ed.  3,  1912 ;  H.  Ost,  Lehrbuch  der  chemischen  Technol- 
ogic, Ed.  10,  1919;  the  ninth  edition  was  published  in  1918;  books  given  at  the 
heads  of  chapters  are  sometimes  as  recent  as  1914.  Herzog,  Chemische  Technol- 
o«rii'  der  organischen  Verbindungen,  1912,  is  chapters  by  various  authors;  it  has 
good  illustrations  of  machinery.  Like  the  Sadtler,  the  latter  Ed.  4,  1912  also  but 
in  English,  it  is  limited  to  the  organic  field. 

General  works  of  a  slightly  different  type  are  those  upon  plant  and  equip 
ment,  as  the  two  by  Nagel,  Mechanical  appliances  of  the  chemical  and  metallur- 
gical industries,  1908,  and  The  lay-out,  design  and  construction  of  chemical 
and  metallurgical  plants,  1911 ;  much  in  both  of  these  is  now  superseded.    Dyson 

48 


(English)  in  his  Manual  of  chemical  plant,  1916-,  being  published  in  small  parts 
attempts  to  include  '  *  description  of  every  new  piece  of  chemical  plant  introduced 
in  the  past  quarter  of  a  century",  with  "exhaustive  analysis  of  the  patent  litera- 
ture for  the  same  period". 

Roller,  on  utilization  of  waste  products,  suggests  fields  for  research,  while 
Baskerville  in  his  Municipal  chemistry,  1911,  points  out  ways  in  which  the  science 
can  be  of  service  to  the  community.  A  French  book,  L  'essor  des  industries  chhn- 
iques  en  France,  1917,  by  E.  Grandmougin,  tries  to  give  an  idea  of  the  scope 
and  possible  future  of  chemical  industries  in  France,  with  some  account  of  the 
situation  in  the  United  States,  the  Scandinavian  countries  and  Russia ;  the  book 
seems  to  have  been  printed  before  April,  1917. 

There  are  four  long  sets,  or  rather  "publishers'  series",  monographs  by  men 
of  some  eminence  usually,  that  try  to  include  works  upon  most  phases  of  indus- 
trial, i.  e.,  all  applications,  of  chemistry.  The  oldest  is  the  German  Handbuch 
der  chcmischen  Technologic,  originally  edited  by  Bolley,  and  in  1909  by  Engler, 
published  by  F.  Vieweg;  most  of  this  is  now  of  historical  value  only.  The  Mon- 
ographs on  Industrial  Chemistry,  edited  by  Sir  Edward  Thorpe,  published  by 
Longmans,  Green  and  company,  comprise  now  some  25  to  30  volumes,  partly 
published,  partly  in  course  of  preparation ;  seven  are  on  the  synthetic  colouring 
matters ;  zinc,  silk,  coal,  cement  show  the  variety  of  topics ;  the  editor  says  these 
"will  afford  examples  of  the  application  of  recent  knowledge  to  modern  manufac 
turing  procedure ' ' ;  the  earliest  volume  appeared  in  1918. 

The  other  newer  English  series,  is  'Industrial  Chemistry,  being  a  series  of 
volumes  giving  a  comprehensive  survey  of  the  chemical  industries',  edited  by 
Samuel  Rideal,  and  published  by  Bailliere,  Tindall  and  Cox;  the  subject  "will 
be  treated  from  the  chemical  rather  than  the  engineering  standpoint",  the  pre- 
face states.  Titles  have  been  listed  for  some  25  volumes,  and  about  ten  are  in 
print  now  (July,  1921).  The  topics  so  far  seem  to  be  more  organic  than  inorganic. 

Several  other  English  publishers  have  series  being  done  that  are  similar: 
Manuals  of  chemical  technology,  edited  by  Geoffrey  Martin,  Crosby,  Lockwood 
and  son ;  Chemical  monographs,  edited  by  A.  C.  Gumming,  Gurney  and  Jackson, 
these  being  as  a  rule  of  100  small  pages  each;  Chas.  Griffin  and  Co.  have  been 
publishing  chemical  works  since  1826;  Benn  Bros.,  of  the  Chemical  Age 
(English)  announce  a  series  of  "Chemical  Age  Textbooks  of  Chemistry"  to  give 
"the  results  of  the  most  recent  research  in  every  branch  of  chemical  science", 
the  first,  to  be  The  chemistry  of  colloids  by  Dr.  E.  K.  Rideal;  Benn  Bros,  have 
also  in  preparation  a  series  of  small  Chemical  Engineering  handbooks  the  first 
twelve  volumes  to  appear  the  latter  part  of  1921;  these. will  probably  be  less 
scientific  than  their  first-named  series. 

The  American  Chemical  Society,  by  arrangement  with  the  Interallied  Con 
ference  of  Pure  and  Applied  Chemistry,  London  and  Brussels,  1919,  was  to  under- 
take the  production  and  publication  of  Scientific  and  Technologic  Monographs 
on  chemical  subjects ;  these  are  published  from  The  Chemical  Catalog  Company 
of  New  York  City,  and  several  have  appeared,  the  first  being  Falk,  Chemistry 
of  enzyme  actions;  others  are  being  prepared. 

49 


In  general,  all  these  series  try  to  consider  the  more  important  chemical 
industries,  giving  references  to  other,  special  \vorks.  The  diversity  of  authors 
makes  the  volumes  vary  somewhat  in  style  of  treatment  and  sometimes  in  actual 
value. 

C.  Books  upon  analysis,  adapted  for  technical  work 

There  are  a  few  huge,  general  works,  and  a  multitude  of  special  ones,  the 
latter  covering  every  application  of  chemistry,  from  the  dairy  to  the  steel  mill. 

The  largest  of  the  first  class  is  Allen,  Commercial  organic  analysis,  Ed.  4, 
in  9  volumes,  the  final  one  having  some  new  material  and  a  collective  index  for 
the  whole  work;  Lunge,  Technical  chemical  analysis,  3  vol.  in  6  in  the  English 
edition,  has  much  on  organic  industrial ;  the  newest  here  is  Villa vecchia,  Treatise 
on  applied  analytical  chemistry,  2  vol.,  1918,  for  industrial  and  food  products. 
Griffin,  Technical  methods  of  anatysis,  1921,  gives  standard  procedures  of  the 
A.  D.  Little  laboratories.  Post's  Chemisch-technische  Analyse,  Ed.  3,  2  vol.  is  of 
1908.  Of  the  two  series,  one  edited  by  Margosches,  Die  chemische  Analyse,  is  n 
group  of  monographs  on  various  substances,  and  is  here ;  Peters,  Handbuch  der 
chemischen  Analyse,  to  be  14  vol.,  has  not  come  yet,  though  publication  of  it  in 
parts  began  before  the  war. 

Some  special  works  of  considerable  interest  are  Lewkowitsch,  Ed.  5,  on  oils, 
fats  and  waxes;  Leach,  Ed.  4,  on  food  analysis;  Wiley,  Ed.  2  and  Pott  (in  Ger- 
man), on  agricultural  analysis;  the  new  Official  and  tentative  methods 
of  analysis,  1920,  of  the  Association  of  Official  Agricultural  Chemists,  taking 
the  place  of  U.  S.  Bureau  of  Chemistry  Bulletin  107  ;  Standard  methods  for  water 
analysis,  newest  edition;  Johnson,  Ed.  3  on  steel  analysis;  the  above  are  fairly 
typical  of  their  class. 

D.  Books  on  special  topics,  industries,  or  processes 

These  are  extremely  numerous,  and  tend  to  become  out  of  date  faster  than 
the  more  general  wrorks ;  some  fairly  typical  ones  in  various  fields  are  noted  below. 
Others  for  almost  all  subjects  are  to  be  found  in  the  series  noted  above  under  B. 

Coal  tar  industries 

This  includes  coal,  coke,  gas,  the  distillation  products,  dyestuffs,  drugs ;  Lews 
discusses  coal ;  Wagner  has  three  recent  works  on  the  first  three.  Hempel,  Har- 
rop,  Dennis,  take  up  gas  analysis,  while  Parr  includes  coal  at  more  length ; 
making  of  gas  is  discussed  by  Hornby,  Latta,  Stone,  Russell.  For  dyes  there 
are  Fay,  Cain  and  Thorpe,  Beacall,  Knecht,  and,  on  analysis  of  dyestuffs,  Green. 
1915,  and  volume  three  of  Mulliken  on  identification ;  a  recent  work  in  German 
on  manufacture  is  by  H.  E.  Fierz,  Grundlegende  Operationen  der  Farbenchemie. 
first  published  in  1920,  translated  as  The  fundamental  processes  of  dye  chemistry, 
by  H.  E.  Fierz-David,  1921.  Bucherer,  Lehrbuch  der  Farbenchemie,  appeared 
in  1918,  and  is  said  to  be  good. 

Explosives 

There  are  new  editions  of  Brunswig,  and  Guttman;  Ed.  2  of  Marshall  in 
two  large  volumes,  contains  more  than  the  one  volume  by  Colver,  but  the  latter 

50 


is  more  conveniently  arranged;  there  is  a  new  one-volume  work  by  Marshall 
dealing  specifically  with  American  manufacturing  processes  and  he  has  also  a 
brief  dictionary ;  Smith,  on  T  N  T,  1918,  is  an  example  of  a  highly  specialized 
book. 

Food 

Besides  the  works  on  analysis  of  foods  already  mentioned,  by  Leach,  Shermar, 
and  others,  there  is  the  comprehensive  treatise,  now  in  Ed.  4,  with  supplement, 
by  J.  Konig  giving  data  on  the  source,  use,  composition  and  methods  for  analysis, 
of  practically  every  substance  used  in  or  for  human  food.  H.  D.  Richmond, 
English,  and  Barthel,  translated  from  Danish,  take  up  dairy  chemistry;  James 
Grant,  Chemistry  of  breadmaking,  is  now  Ed.  3 ;  R.  N.  Hart,  Leavening  agents,  is 
1921.  Emil  Pott,  Handbuch  der  tierischen  Ernahrung  und  der  landwirtschaft- 
lichen  Futtermittel  in  three  volumes,  now  over  ten  years  old,  is  good  for  its  field. 

Oils 

For  mineral  oils  there  are  the  new  American  works,  Bacon  and  Hamor,  2 
vol.,  descriptive,  and  Hamor  and  Padgett,  one  volume,  1920,  on  analysis;  Cross, 
Handbook  of  petroleum,  1919,  gives  data  with  analytical  methods,  while  Ellis 
and  Meigs,  Gasoline  and  other  motor  fuels,  1921,  is  perhaps  less  purely  chemical. 
Tinkler  and  Challenger,  Chemistry  of  petroleum,  is  1915  and  English ;  so  is 
Campbell,  Petroleum  refining,  1918;  Redwood's  huge  treatise  has  in  Ed.  3,  1913, 
three  volumes,  and  many  thousands  of  references.  The  three  volumes,  by  Engler 
and  Hofer  in  German,  take  up  all  phases  of  the  mineral  oil  situation,  i.  e.,  the 
geology,  chemistry,  and  its  place  in  commerce.  Kissling,  Chemische  Technologie 
des  Erdols,  1915,  is  vol.  IX  of  the  third  series  of  Bolley's  Handbuch  der  chemis- 
ehen  Technologie,  the  series  noted  under  B ;  Holde  's  book  is  now  published  iu 
English  from  the  fourth  German  edition  as  "The  examination  of  hydrocarbon 
oils  and  of  saponifiable  fats  and  waxes",  1915.  Various  U.  S.  and  State  publica- 
tions from  the  respective  Geological  Surveys  take  up  particular  fields  and  phases ; 
there  are  also  some  publications  from  the  U.  S.  Bureaus  of  Mines  and  of  Stand- 
ards ;  the  latter  giving  tests  and  standards ;  some  specifications  are  in  the  publica- 
tions of  the  International  Society  for  Testing  Materials. 

For  other  oils,  the  work  of  Lewkowitsch,  Ed.  5,  in  three  volumes  is  excellent ; 
it  may  be  supplemented  by  Gildemeister  and  Hoffman,  The  volatile  oils,  to  be 
three  volumes;  vol.  1,  1913,  vol.  2,  1916.  Andes  has  a  volume  each  for  animal 
fats  and  oils,  vegetable  fats  and  oils,  and  drying  oils,  the  last  emphasizing  methods 
of  manufacture ;  on  linseed  and  cottonseed  oils  there  are  special  works.  Battle, 
1916,  has  a  Lubricating  engineer's  handbook,  containing  considerable  chemistry. 

Paint  and  varnish  and  materials 

Some  of  the  recent  American  works  are  Toch,  Ed.  3,  Sabin  on  manufacture. 
Gardner,  Papers  on  paint  and  varnish,  1920 ;  Holley,  Cushman,  Gardner  and 
Cushman,  on  analysis  and  tests;  the  edition  of  1912  in  English  of  Bottler,  German 
(and  American)  varnish  making ;  English  are,  Friend,  Chemistry  of  paints,  1910 ; 
Smith,  Manufacture  of  paint,  Ed.  2,  1915;  Hurst's  Laboratory  guide  is  of  1902, 

51 


and  his  Dictionary  of  chemicals  and  raw  products,  1901.  -  Andes,  Friend,  and 
Xt -win an  discuss  use  of  paint  to  prevent  corrosion.  The  bulletins  and  circulars  of 
the  Educational  Bureau  of  the  Paint  Manufacturers'  Association  of  the  United 
States  give  reports  of  tests  of  paints  and  raw  materials. 

Pharmaceutical 

The  U.  S.,  British,  and  German  Pharmacopoeias  give  standards  and  official 
preparations,  while  more  details  and  some  references  are  in  the  U.  S.  Dispensa- 
tory. The  German  cyclopedic  work,  Hager's  Handbuch  der  pharmaceutischen 
Praxis,  Ed.  7,  2  vol.  and  supplement  completed  in  1913  is  here  in  part  only.  The 
new  editions  of  Sollmann,  Cushny,  and  Dixon  are  the  best  here  now ;  for  synthesis, 
May,  Frankel,  Kobert  (the  last  two  in  German)  also  the  2-vol.  Heinz,  1905  06 
are  used.  For  analysis,  Fuller  is  newest;  May,  Nelson,  and  Autenrieth  (poisons 
and  drugs)  are  here  too. 

Photography,  particularly  microphotography 

Meldola's  volume,  1889,  is  rather  old,  but  is  of  some  use ;  Derr,  Photography, 
1909,  though  older  is  less  theoretical  than  the  work  by  Sheppard  and  Mees,  Inves- 
tigation on  the  theory  of  the  photographic  process,  1907 ;  Flint,  Chemistry  for 
photographers,  1916,  is  for  actual  work.  Bagshaw,  Elementary  photomicro- 
graphy Ed.  2,  1909,  may  be  supplemented  by  Hind  and  Randies,  Handbook  of 
photomicrography,  1913.  and  Doubleday,  1916.  Photochemistry  proper  (action 
of  light  in  reactions)  is  discussed  by  Sheppard,  1914,  in  the  series,  Textbooks  of 
physical  chemistry,  edited  by  Ramsay.  Schaum,  Photochemie  und  Photographie, 
1908-  is  vol.  9  of  the  German  series,  Handbuch  der  angewandten  physikalischen 
Chemie. 

Steel  and  iron 

Here  the  books  consist  of  (a),  those  on  metallurgy,  including  ores  of  iron, 
(b),  on  the  various  kinds  of  steel  and  their  properties,  largely  as  indicated  by 
metallographic  study,  and,  (c),  on  the  analysis  of  iron  and  steel.  For  metallurgy, 
West,  Metallurgy  of  cast  iron,  1907,  Moldenke,  Principles  of  iron  founding,  1917, 
take  up  the  partly  manufactured  product ;  Hudson  and  Bengough,  Iron  and  steel, 
1913,  is  an  introductory  textbook;  Stoughton,  Metallurgy  of  iron  and  steel,  Ed. 
2,  1913,  has  about  three  times  as  much  material ;  Spring,  Non-technical  chats  on 
iron  and  steel,  1917,  is  a  good  semi-popular  small  book.  Use  of  electric  furnaces 
Is  dealt  with  by  Rodenhauser  and  Schoenawa,  the  English  version  from  the  second 
German  edition  being  in  1913;  the  Canadian  government  has  published  reports 
on  the  use  of  electric  furnaces.  Mars,  Die  Spezialstahle,  is  1912,  while  Becker, 
High-speed  steel  is  of  1910.  Sauveur,  Ed.  2,  1916,  and  H.  M.  Howe,  1916,  discuss 
metallography  and  heat  treatment  at  length;  Bullens,  1916,  is  a  briefer  text, 
while  the  similar  volume,  Heat  treatment  of  steel,  published  by  "Machinery"  in 
1914  is  compiled  from  many  sources.  On  the  chemical  analysis  of  iron  and  steel, 
Heess,  Practical  methods  is  of  1908;  Fay,  Microscopic  examination  of  steel,  1917, 
is  good  for  that  field ;  Ed.  8  of  Blair,  Chemical  analysis  of  iron  is  1918,  while  Ed 
3  of  C.  M.  Johnson's  work  on  Rapid  methods,  is  of  1921 ;  many  of  the  larger  steel 

52 


plants  have  special  volumes  of  their  own  methods,  sometimes  available  to  the 
public. 

In  conclusion,  it  must  be  remembered  that  these  works  on  applications  of 
chemistry,  whether  general  or  special,  are  nearly  as  impermanent  as  the  daily 
paper ;  those  mentioned  are  fair  types  of  the  particular  ones  now  existing,  but  in 
any  field  some  new  discovery  may  be  made,  and  a  new  authority  arise,  discredit- 
ing all  previous  writings.  Consult  the  newest  serial  literature  for.  recent  work, 
and  use  books  to  obtain  history,  fundamental  facts,  general  statements  of  prin- 
ciples with  discussion.  It  seems  probable  that  in  a  live  industry  or  a  growing 
science,  any  book  that  has  been  published  more  than  ten  years  contains  much 
that  has  been  superseded  in  the  way  of  methods,  while  the  theories  have  no  doubt 
suffered  some  revision. 


LECTURE  12 

APPLIED  CHEMISTRY  :  SERIALS 

These  furnish  the  most  recent  information,  and  are  therefore  of  great  value ; 
they  may  be  grouped  as  follows,  according  to  field  and  class  of  material. 

A.  General  applied  chemistry 

1.  Those  containing  chiefly  or  wholly,  original  papers 

2.  Reference  serials,  including  some  having  original  articles 

B.  Special  serials  for  particular  industries,  usually  having  both  original 

papers  and  abstracts 

A,  1.     General  applied  chemistry,  original  papers 

Before  1877,  this  literature  was  in  the  serials  of  general  chemistry ;  in  that 
year  the  Chemiker-Zeitung  was  started  to  pay  particular  attention  to  industrial 
applications  of  chemistry;  it  has  always  given  abstracts  for  which  the  title  has 
varied  occasionally,  and  this  has  sometimes  formed  so  large  a  volume  that  it  has 
been  bound  separately.  Published  three  times  a  week,  it  has  been  almost  a  chem- 
ical daily  paper;  it  has  had  no  collective  indexes,  but  has  annual  ones,  for  both 
parts. 

The  second  in  age,  Die  chemische  Industrie,  founded  in  1878,  "to  further 
the  interests  of  the  German  chemical  industries",  has  paid  much  attention  to 
manufacturing  processes  and  patents,  the  few  abstracts  being  chiefly  upon  these. 
Beginning  with  January,  1919,  there  accompanied  it  the  Patent-Berichte,  printed 
on  one  side  only,  apparently  to  be  cut  up  and  filed.  There  have  been  annual 
indexes  but  no  collective  one.  Beginning  with  January  1921,  this  serial  is  pub- 
lished in  two  ways,  alone,  with  no  advertisements  except  a  list  of  new  books,  and 
weekly  in  place  of  twice  a  month  ;  then  it  is  also  presented  as  the  "wirtschaftlicher 
Teil"  of  the  Zeitschrift  fur  angewandte  Chemie,  under  a  joint  agreement  between 
the  Verein  deutscher  Chemiker,  and  the  Verein  zur  Wahrung  der  Interessen  dec 
chemischen  Industrie  Deutschlands  E.  V. ;  the  Patent-Berichte  seems  to  hav? 
stopped. 

53 


Third  in  age  (under  its  present  name)  is  the  Zeitschift  fiir  angewandte 
Chemie,  that  succeeded  the  Correspondenzblatt  des  Vereins  analytischer  Cheini- 
kor,  1878-81,  having  about  half  and  half  original  and  abstract  papers.  The  name 
was  changed  in  1882  to  Repertorium  der  analytischen  Chemie  and  in  1887  to  th. 
present  one.  Most  of  the  time  it  appeared  twice  a  month,  but  in  1914  it  began  to 
appear  several  times  a  week ;  the  originally  planned  "three  times  a  week"  suffered 
at,  times  during  the  war,  but  in  1920  they  returned  to  publishing  every  three  or 
four  days.  There  is  a  collective  index,  for  1887-1907,  annual  indexes  for  all  years. 
The  abstracts  have  always  been  very  complete,  but  from  January  1919  on,  they 
form  the  * ' technischer  Teil",  Band  II  and  IV,  of  the  annual  volumes  of  the, 
Chemisches  Zentralblatt,  thus  making  abstracts  for  pure  chemistry  come  in  Band 
I  and  III,  for  each  year. 

An  index  of  German  patents  by  D.  R.  P.  number  is  given  in  the  collective 
index,  for  each  volume,  v.  3-20,  i.  e.,  1890  to  1907  inclusive ;  patents  are  abstracted, 
and  indexed  also  by  subject  for  the  whole  time,  1887-1907. 

The  oldest  serial  in  English  upon  the  applications  of  chemistry  is  the  Journal 
of  the  Society  of  Chemical  Industry,  begun  in  1882;  it  has  always  had  original 
papers  and  excellent  abstracts.  The  latter  are  grouped  now  in  25  classes,  approx- 
imately the  same  as  those  used  in  the  Zeitschrift  fiir  angewandte  Chemie,  ami 
include  both  those  of  original  papers  and  patents.  There  are  annual,  and  two 
collective  indexes,  the  latter  through  1905.  The  present  system  of  three  pagings 
in  each  number  seems  to  have  been  copied  from  the  Zeitschrift  fiir  angewandte 
Chemie,  that  began  it  in  1914.  L?  revue  des  produits  chimiques,  1896  on,  has 
abstracts  and  original  papers ;  it  appears  twice  a  momh.  The  Revue  generale  de 
chimie  pure  et  appliquee,  began  in  1899,  twice  a  month,  had  very  brief  abstract?, 
that  since  1901  are  bound  as  a  separate  serial  and  shelved  with  the  reference 
serials.  No  numbers  have  come  since  v.  21,  no.  9,  in  1918. 

The  annual  volumes  of  the  Transactions  of  the  American  Institute  of  Chem- 
ical Engineers,  1908-,  consist  of  the  records  of  the  meetings,  and  the  papers  pr<>- 
sented  by  men  who  are  recognized  authorities.  The  American  Chemical  Society 
began  to  publish  in  1909,  the  Journal  of  Industrial  and  Engineering  Chemistry, 
original  papers  only,  with  annual  indexes.  In  1914,  a  section  was  added  giving 
abstracts,  or  brief  notices,  of  the  State  and  U.  S.  publications  of  interest  to 
chemists;  there  is  also  a  list  giving  new  books  and  some  serial  articles  of  special 
value  for  industrial  chemists. 

The  Chemical  Trade  Journal  and  Chemical  Engineer  (English)  now  in  its 
69th  volume  is  specifically  a  trade  paper,  i.  e.  for  manufacturer  and  dealer,  not  for 
the  expert  chemist.  It  has  very  few  scientific  articles,  but  much  news  of  the 
technical  world.  The  nearest  tq  it  in  contents  for  the  United  States  MTV  these: 
Oil.  Paint  and  Drug  Reporter,  now  in  vol.  100,  specializes  on  the  articles  named, 
with  trade  news,  prices,  etc. ;  there  are  special  numbers  each  year  for  the  various 
conventions,  as  for  cotton  seed  oil,  and  a  separate  petroleum  section  each  wc"k  ; 
Drug  and  Chemical  Markets,  now  vol.  9,  has  a  more  limited  range,  but  is  a  more 
convenient  size  and  shape  for  use.  Another  from  England  that  puts  emphasis 
on  the  methods  and  equipment  for  use  in  large  works  is  Chemical  Engineering 

54 


and  the  Works  Chemist,  now  vol.  eleven,  but  this  is  a  thin  monthly  while  the  other 
three  are  rather  large  and  appear  each  week. 

Three  that  seem  to  have  been  short  lived  are  these,  two  English  and  one  from 
France  :  The  Chemical  World,  a  monthly  journal  of  chemistry  and  chemical  engi- 
neering, 1912-14;  this  resembled  the  Chemical  Age  (New  York),  being  well 
illustrated ;  it  had  news  items,  book  reviews  and  a  record  of  patents  taken  out  in 
England  of  chemical  interest.  The  second,  quarterly,  was  the  Journal  of  Chem- 
ical Technology,  1912-,  to  further  the  chemical  interests  of  and  in  Great  Britain, 
and  her  dependencies ;  there  were  selected  abstracts,  but  v.  3,  no.  3,  was  dated 
July,  1917.  The.  third,  Revue  scientifique  et  technique  de  chimie  appliquee,  v. 
1-3,  1912-14,  published  vol.  3,  no.  2  in  June,  1914 ;  it  had  original  papers  and  a 
considerable  number  of  abstracts. 

French  also  are  the  two  next  in  point  of  time ;  L '  Industrie  chimique,  revue 
universelle  des  produits  chimiques  et  des  industries  annexes,  1914-,  monthly,  with 
original  papers  and  abstracts,  the  usual  lists  of  patents,  trade  notes,  and  book 
reviews.  Chimie  et  Industrie,  founded  in  June  1918,  as  the  monthly  organ  of  the 
Societe  de  chimie  industrielle,  promises  to  be  very  important;  each  number  so 
far  has  had  a  number  of  excellent  original  papers,  and  at  times  as  many  as  fifty 
pages  of  good  signed  abstracts  (with  the  decimal  classification  number  annexed)  ; 
it  is  on  good  paper  and  well  illustrated.  The  cover  bears  the  note  "Reconnue 
d  'utilite  publique  par  decret  du  23  juin  1918 ' '. 

Two  in  English,  begun  in  July  1919,  are  The  Chemical  Age  (London)  and 
Chemical  Age  (New  York)  ;  the  former  is  "devoted  to  industrial  and  engineering 
chemistry",  is  weekly,  with  some  abstracts,  patent  and  market  reports.  The 
American  one,  that  in  1920  absorbed  the  Chemical  Engineer  (1904-20,  v.  1-27), 
taking  over  the  old  volume  number,  is  monthly,  has  illustrations,  and  states  thai 
it  is  "for  the  business  man  in  the  chemical  industry",  for  the  manufacturer  and 
dealer  rather  than  the  technical  chemist.  It  contains  personals  and  industrial 
notes,  but  no  abstracts. 

From  Italy  there  is  the  Giornale  di  chimica  industriale  ed  applicata,  1919-, 
published  as  a  joint  enterprise  by  several  Italian  societies;  it  appears  monthly, 
and  devotes  about  one  fifth  of  its  space  to  abstracts  and  a  somewhat  larger  space 
to  news  and  notes  cm  industrial  matters.  The  Spanish  serial  (not  here)  ,Revista  de 
chimica  pura  e  applicada,  ser.  2,  v.  4  being  of  1919,  seems  from  the  title,  and 
abstracts  made  from  it,  to  belong  in  this  group. 

The  Canadian  Chemical  Journal,  1919-,  now  called  Canadian  Chemistry  and 
Metallurgy,  was  much  like  the  Journal  of  Industrial  and  Engineering  Chemistry, 
but  it  seems  to  become  more  like  Chemical  and  Metallurgical  Engineering,  i.  e.,  it 
lias  more  on  electrometallurgy  in  particular;  the  Journal  of  the  Chemical,  Metal- 
lurgical and  Mining  Society  of  South  Africa,  1894-,  is  of  the  same  type,  rather 
than  for  general  industrial  chemistry.  The  oldest  one  of  this  class  is  the  Electro- 
chemical Industry,  1902-,  now  Chemical  and  Metallurgical  Engineering;  v.  3-7 
were  called  Electrochemical  and  Metallurgical  Industry,  v.  8-20,  Metallurgical 
and  Chemical  Engineering. 

The  Sammlung  chemischer  und  chemisch-technischer  Vortrage,  1896-,  edited 
by  F.  B.  Ahrens,  is  made  up  of  monographs  on  chemical  and  technical  topics. 

55 


A.  2.     Reference  serials 

These  include  a  number  having  original  papers  also,  in  addition  to  those 
primarily  for  abstract  or  review  work.  To  obtain  all  the  literature  some  at  least 
of  the  serials  on  general  chemistry  must  be  used,  for  the  earlier  work.  Before 
1855.  there  was  no  special  abstract  serial  for  applied  chemistry ;  in  that  year  the 
Jahresbericht  iiber  die  Leistungen  der  chemischen  Technologic  (Wagner's)  was 
commenced ;  the  original  annual  volume  has  grown  to  two,  one  for  organic  and 
one  for  inorganic ;  besides  the  annual  indexes  there  are  collective  ones  covering 
1855-94.  Biedermami  edited,  1880-1905,  the  Technisch-chemisches  Jahrbuch, 
abstracts  with  an  annual  index,  including  however  only  what  he  considered  the 
most  valuable  articles;  it  ceased  publication  in  1905.  The  only  other  strictly 
reference  serial  for  applied  chemistry  is  the  Keport  of  Progress  in  Applied  Chem- 
istry, the  annual  review  volume  published  1916-,  by  the  Society  of  Chemical 
Industry;  it  is  not  all-inclusive,  is  semi-critical,  and  expressly  omits  certain 
subjects  dealt  with  by  tb.e  Chemical  Society's  similar  Annual  report,  as  Agri- 
cultural chemistry,  Analysis,  and  Food. 

The  index  serial  is  the  Chemistry  section  of  the  International  Catalogue  of 
Scientific  Literature,  1901-date;  the  Industrial  Arts  Index,  1913-,  indexes  a 
selected  list  of  scientific  serials,  including  some  on  applied  chemistry ;  the  Engi- 
neering Index,  1884-,  includes  some  topics  of  interest  to  chemists. 

Of  the  mixed  abstract-original  paper  serials,  perhaps  the  most  useful  is  the 
Journal  of  the  Society  of  Chemical  Industry,  1882-,  being  in  English  and  readily 
consulted ;  but  its  collective  indexes  at  present  only  extend  through  1905.  Next 
is  the  Zeitschrift  fiir  angewandte  Chemie,  1887  on,  with  collective  index  through 
1907,  annual  indexes  to  date ;  but  since  January,  1919,  the  abstracts  formerly  here 
have  made  up  Band  II  and  IV  of  the  annual  volumes  of  the  Chemisches  Zentral- 
blatt,  designated  as  ' '  Technischer  Teil ' '. 

"  Use  of  the  abstracts  sections  of  the  other  serials  of  applied  chemistry  is  made 
slow  by  the  fact  that  they  have  only  annual  indexes,  and  if  the  exact  year  is 
unknown  or  all  work  for  several  years  is  to  be  looked  up,  it  takes  a  long  time.  The 
ones  including  most  years  are  the  Chemiker-Zeitung :  Repertorium,  Die  chemische 
Industrie,  and  Revue  des  produits  chimiques,  but  the  set  of  the  last  named  is  not 
complete  here.  Abstracts  in  some  are  very  short,  as  in  Revue  generale  de  chimie 
pure  et  appliquee,  and  L'  industrie  chimique ;  others  as  Chimie  et  industrie, 
1918-,  are  so  recent  that  they  include  little  as  yet.  For  very  recent  work  the 
annual  volumes  of  the  Chemical  Abstracts  are  perhaps  the  most  convenient  place 
to  look  first:  follow  this  with  the  annual  volumes  of  the  Journal  of  the  Society 
of  Chemical  Industry,  the  volume  indexes  of  the  Chemisches  Zentralblatt ;  then 
use  the  particular  years  of  any  other  serials  in  that  field,  or  generally,  those  of 
the  special  serials  for  that  subject. 

B.  Special  serials 

These  for  the  special  industries  are  very  numerous :  only  a  few  of  the  more 
important  ones  at  hand  in  some  special  fields  can  be  mentioned  in  this  brief 
account. 

56 


Agricultural  chemistry 

The  Experiment  Station  Record,  1889  to  date,  from  the  Office  of  Experiment 
Stations  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  has  annual  and  two  collective 
indexes;  the  Agricultural  Index,  1916-,  gives  references,  not  abstracts.  In  Ger- 
man there  are  two  old  and  important  ones,  Hof mann  's  Jahresbericht,  1858-,  and 
Biedermann's  Centralblatt  fur  Agrikulturchemie,  1872-  date;  both  have  some 
collective  indexes  and  are  in  the  Agricultural  library.  The  three  above  are 
reference  serials.  The  International  Review  of  the  Science  and  Practice  of  Agri- 
culture, 1910-,  has  important  reviews  of  progress  and  some  abstracts.  The  scope 
of  the  Journal  of  the  Association  of  Official  Agricultural  Chemists,  1915-,  is 
obvious. 

Coal  and  coal  tar  industries 

The  serials  upon  coal  are  not  purely  chemical  but  divide  their  space  giving 
much  to  mining  problems,  and  a  little  to  the  manufacture  of  coke,  gas,  etc :  two 
are  Coal  Age,  1910-,  and  Coal  Industry,  191 8-,  the  latter  uniting  the  former  Fuel, 
with  Coal  and  Coke  Operator.  For  gas,  the  English  serial  Gas  World  is  fairly 
paralleled  by  the  American  Gas  Journal,  and  the  Gas  Record,  now  united  with  Gas 
Age  as  Gas- Age  Record ;  the  problems  of  water  supply  were  formerly  included  by 
the  Gas  Journal  (English) ,  whose  old  title  was  Journal  of  Gas  Lighting  and  Water 
Supply;  the  latter  has  a  German  counterpart  in  Das  Gas-und  Wasserfach  (called 
to  1921,  Journal  fur  Gasbeleuchtung  und  Wasserversorgung)  ;  this  last  has  some 
abstracts.  The  Gas  World  has  a  special  section  in  the  first  number  for  each 
month  on  coking  and  by-products.  The  Proceedings  of  the  American  Gas  In- 
stitute, 1908-,  contain  papers  of  importance,  and  others  are  to  be  found  in  the 
similar  publications  of  various  state  or  local  organizations.  The  Gas  Chemist's 
Summary  is  an  annual  English  volume,  1913-15,  perhaps  continued,  a  report  of 
progress. 

Dyes 

Dyes  and  their  use  are  discussed  in  the  new  Color  Trade  Journal,  (American) 
1917-,  original  papers;  the  English  serials  are  not  here,  but  the  Journal  of  the 
Society  of  Dyers  and  Colourists  (v.  25  was  1909)  seems  to  be  similar  to  the  Color 
Trade  Journal.  Dyestuffs  (American)  is  a  trade  paper  made  up  of  articles  from 
other  serials.  In  French,  there  is  the  Revue  generate  des  matieres  colorantes,  de 
le  teinture,  de  1'impression  et  des  apprets,  1897-,  with  its  three  supplementary 
serials  on  manufacturing;  the  volumes  to  1913  contain  mounted  samples  illus- 
trating the  colors  on  fabrics  and  yarns ;  there  are  annual  indexes.  The  German 
Farber-Zeitung  seems  to  contain  similar  material ;  Friedlander,  Fortschritte  der 
Teerfarbenfabrikation,  1877-,  contains  abstracts  of  patents ;  it  has  volume  indexes 
by  subject,  and  from  vol.  4  on,  each  one  has  a  collective  index  by  number  to  the 
volumes  to  that  date.  Patents  are  also  abstracted  and  -may  be  looked  up  by  num- 
ber in  Wagner's  Jahresbericht,  and  Zeitschrift  fiir  angewandte  Chemie,  and 
by  subject  or  patentee  in  Journal  of  the  Society  of  Chemical  Industry;  Chemical 
Abstracts  has  a  patent  number  index,  and  patents  are  also  entered  under  subject 
and  name  of  patentee. 

57 


Electrochemistry 

The  Faraday  Society  (English)  publishes  Transactions  (formerly  Proceed 
ings) ;  similar  material  is  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  American  Electrochemical 
Society,  while  other  papers  are  in  the  Chemical  and  Metallurgical  Engineering. 
From  Germany  the  Elektrochemische  Zeitschrift  is  less  comprehensive  than  the 
Zeitschrift  fiir  Elektrochemie,  and  the  latter  has  one  collective  index;  the  Jahr- 
buch  der  Elektrochemie  is  not  complete  to  date  here. 

Food 

The  leading  serial  has  been  the  Zeitschrift  fiir  Untersuchung  der  Nahrungs- 
und  Genussmittel,  original  papers,  and  abstracts,  with  German  official  regula- 
tions and  laws,  one  collective  index,  1898-1908.  The  Zeitschrift  fiir  Fleisch- 
und  Milchhygiene  specializes  more  closely,  containing  original  papers  and  ab- 
stracts. The  Analyst  deals  principally  with  problems  of  purity,  while  the  British 
Food  Journal  takes  up  the  legal  phase  of  food  adulteration.  Pure  Food  (Amer- 
ican) has  been  the  organ  of  the  brewers,  bakers  and  yeast  industries,  sometimes 
giving  translations  of  German  articles;  the  American  Food  Journal  is  semi- 
popular,  of  interest  chieflly  to  the  wholesale  dealers  and  manufacturers,  but 
with  an  occasional  chemical  or  bacteriological  paper.  The  French  Annales  des 
falsifications  et  des  fraudes,  gives  some  abstracts. 

Hygiene 

This  is  not  directly  chemical,  but  the  Journal  of  Infectious  Diseases  spe- 
cializes on  water-borne  forms  and  water  supply;  Hygienische  Rundschau  has 
abstracts  and  original  papers  on  both  food  and  water  supply;  the  Journal  of 
Hygiene  (English)  is  more  truly  medical,  with  special  supplements  on  the 
plague  in  India;  the  American  Journal  of  Public  Health  has  chemical  articles 
at  times. 

Leather 

Here  there  is  the  Journal  of  the  American  Leather  Chemists'  Association, 
original  papers  and  abstracts;  Collegium,  published  in  German  as  an  inter- 
national serial,  is  now  wholly  German,  while  the  English  serial,  started  under 
the  same  title  1913-14,  is  now  Journal  of  the  Society  of  Leather  Trades '  Chemists. 

Pharmaceutical 

The  two  distinct  types  are,  the  serials  published  as  trade  papers  for  those 
who  deal  in  drugs  at  retail  or  wholesale,  and  the  scientific  serials.  American 
samples  of  the  first  class  are  Western  Druggist,  Bulletin  of  Pharmacy,  Pacific 
Pharmacist,  Pharmaceutical  Era,  and  for  the  wholesale  trade  in  particular, 
Drug  and  Chemical  Markets.  The  Pharmaceutical  Journal  and  Transactions, 
(now,  and  Pharmacist)  1841-,  was  formerly  in  the  scientific  class  and  had  many 
abstracts;  it  has  now  become  nearly  a  trade  paper. 

The  oldest  American  one  of  the  second  class  is  the  American  Journal  of 
Pharmacy,  1830  to  date,  with  annual  and  several  collective  indexes.  The  Pro- 
ceedings of  the  American  Pharmaceutical  Association,  1851-,  has  annual  in- 
dexes, and  a  collective  one  for  v.  1-50 ;  it  contains  many  abstracts ;  the  volumes, 
1912  on,  are  called  Yearbook.  The  Journal  (first  called  Bulletin,  1906-11) 
1912-,  has  original  papers  only.  The  Journal  of  Pharmacology  and  Experi- 

58 


mental  Therapeutics,  1909-,  covers  a  rather  wider  range  of  topics,  and  has  no 
abstracts.     Some  State  pharmaceutical  societies  publish  useful  papers. 

The  Journal  de  pharmacie  et  de  chimie,  original  papers  and  abstracts, 
founded  in  1809,  is  here  in  part,  now  series  7,  vol.  23 ;  rather  more  medical  was 
the  Journal  de  chimie  medicale,  de  pharmacie  et  de  toxicologie,  1825-76,  when  it 
was  united  with  the  Repertoire  de  Pharmacie,  and  continued  under  the  double 
title.  Two  of  the  leading  German  publications  are  Berichte  der  deutschen 
pharmazeutischen  Gesellschaft  and  Archiv  der  Pharmazie,  both  having  original 
papers  only.  The  Archiv  fiir  experimentelle  Pathologic  und  Pharmakologie  in- 
cludes a  variety  of  topics  but  all  are  original  papers ;  for  abstracts  in  pharnia  - 
ceutical  chemistry  the  Chemisches  Zentralblatt,  and  probably  the  Pharma- 
zeutischo  Zentralhalle,  which  seems  to  give  some  abstracts,  may  be  used. 
References  to  literature  are  given  in  the  U.  S.  Dispensatory,  while  a  special 
substance  or  topic  may  be  looked  up  in  the  Index  Medicus,  1879-,  and  in  the 
catalogue  of  the  U.  S.  Surgeon-General's  library;  these  two  give  no  abstracts 
but  the  reference  alone,  and  the  second  includes  books  as  well  as  serial  articles. 

Photochemistry  and  photography 

For  the  first,  Zeitschrift  fiir  Photochemie  und  wissenschaftliche  Photo- 
gaphie,  1903-,  has  original  papers  only;  for  the  second,  Photominiature,  1899-, 
is  fairly  scientific,  while  Photo-Era,  1898-,  and  The  Camera,  now  vol.  25,  are 
more  for  the  amateur  photographer. 

Steel  and  iron 

The  metallurgical  serials  here  are  many,  but  usually  contain  little  chemistry ; 
such  are  Stahl  und  Eisen,  1881-,  Journal  of  the  Iron  and  Steel  Institute,  1869-, 
and  the  publications  of  the  American  Iron  and  Steel  Association ;  upon  metal- 
lography and  chemistry  are  the  Iron  and  Steel  Magazine,  1904-06;  Journal  of 
American  Steel  Treaters'  Society,  1918-20,  now  Transactions  of  the  American 
Society  for  Steel  Treating;  metallographic  material  not  all  on  iron  and  steel  is 
found  in  the  Revue  de  metallurgie,  1904- ,  abstracts  and  original  papers,  Journal 
of  the  Institute  of  metals,  1909-,  and  Transactions  of  the  American  Institute  of 
Metals,  1907-,  (v.  1-5  as  of  the  American  Brassf ounders '  Association,  while 
v.  11,  1917-,  has  title  Journal  of  the  American  Institute  of  Metals),  now  part  of 
Mining  and  Metallurgy. 

Water  supply  and  sewage  treatment 

The  best  in  German  is  said  to  be  Wasser  und  Abwasser;  with  this  may  be 
classed  the  Mittheilungen  d.  k.  Priifunganstalt  fiir  Wasserversorgung  und 
Abwasserbeseitigung,  1902- ;  Journal  of  Infectious  Diseases,  Journal  of  the 
American  Waterworks  Association,  and  Hygienische  Rundschau  give  some 
material.  The  abstracts  in  the  latter  and  in  Chemical  Abstracts  will  usually  be 
sufficient. 

For  some  other  special  topics  as  mines  and  mining  problems,  the  publica- 
tions of  the  U.  S.  Bureau  of  Mines  ,with  the  various  co-operating  institutions, 
furnish  much  material ;  the  publications  of  the  U.  S.  and  State  Geological  Sur- 
veys often  contain  chemical  papers.  The  U.  S.  Bureau  of  Standards  does  val- 
uable work,  and  this  like  that  of  the  other  two  is  most  easily  found  by  use  of 

59 


the  notes  in  the  Journal  of  Industrial  and  Engineering  Chemistry.  At  Illinois 
State  and  municipal  publications  on  water  supply  problems  are  largely  available 
in  the  Water  Survey  collection,  while  others  are  in  the  Municipal  Reference 
library  in  Lincoln  Hall. 

If  the  engineering  phase  of  a  problem  is  emphasized,  the  Engineering  li- 
brary with  its  special  indexes  and  serials  is  the  more  satisfactory;  here  too  is 
found  most  of  the  literature  upon  mining,  though  the  strictly  geological  works 
are  in  the  Natural  History  library.  Every  special  industry  of  any  size  has  its 
own  serials,  as  well  as  books,  for  example,  ceramics,  which  has  here  its  own 
library.  However,  many  of  these  serials  are  abstracted  in  the  chemical  abstract 
serials,  i.  e.  both  those  upon  general  and  the  ones  dealing  with  applied  chemistry, 
so  that  these  reference  serials  must  often  be  consulted  in  addition  to  the  special 
ones,  to  collect  all  the  literature  upon  a  topic. 


LECTURE  13 

THEORETICAL    AND    PHYSICAL    CHEMISTRY,    INCLUDING    COLLOIDS:    BOOKS 

The  division  between  the  first  and  second  is  not  always  made  by  authors, 
but  the  books  noted  will  be  classed  where  their  authors  place  them;  the  chem- 
istry of  colloidal  substances  may  be  partly  both,  but  the  books  will  be  discussed 
separately  for  convenience.  We  have  then  to  consider: 

A.  Works  on  theoretical  chemistry 

1.  Historical 

2.  General 

3.  Special 

B.  Works  upon  physical  chemistry 

1.  General 

2.  Laboratory  manuals 

3.  Special 

4.  Tables  of  data 

C.  Chemistry  of  colloids 

1.  Comprehensive  works 

2.  Briefer,  semi-popular  books 

3.  Works  on  special  phases 

Witli  respect  to  the  practical  value  of  the  theoretical  field,  Mendrlccf  says: 
"By  summoning  adherents  to  the  work  of  theoretical  chemistry,  I  am  con- 
vinced that  I  call  them  to  a  most  useful  labor,  to  the  habit  of  dealing  correctly 
with  nature  and  its  laws,  and  to  the  possibility  of  becoming  truly  practical  men. " 
Nernst  describes  it  as  the  theoretical  treatment  of  practical  processes.  Given 
a  logical,  orderly  arrangement  of  facts  observed  and  laws  deduced  in  the 
stud}'  of  chemical  changes,  with  a  historical  examination  of  the  chemical  ideas 
and  theories,  we  find  in  theoretical  chemistry  a  presentation  of  the  main  lines 
along  which  chemistry  has  advanced. 

60 


A,  1.     Historical 

Lothar  Meyer's  Moderne  Theorien,  Ed.  1,  1863,  was  written  to  explain  and 
justify  theory  in  chemistry  to  the  workers  in  other  sciences  and  to  "prepare  the 
way  for  physical  chemistry".  More  recent  is  M.  M.  P.  Muir's  History  of 
chemical  theories  and  laws,  1907 ;  he  discusses  the  history  of  attempts  to  answer 
these  questions: 

What  is  a  homogeneous  substance? 

What  happens  when  homogeneous  substances  interact? 

Freund  in  her  work  takes  up  the  study  of  chemical  composition;  "I  have  tried 
to  show  how  the  empirical  knowledge  has  been  obtained,  what  the  initial  discov- 
eries were,  and  how  they  were  established ; ' '  the  new  edition,  1921,  has  the  title, 
The  experimental  basis  of  chemistry. 

A,  2.     General  works  upon  theoretical  chemistry 

Brief  discussions  of  theory  are  given  in  most  of  the  general  texts,  partic- 
ularly the  larger  ones.  Wilhelm  Ostwald  has  such  a  section  in  his  Lehrbuch, 
Mendeleef  discusses  the  topic ;  one  of  the  larger  early  works  was  that  by  H.  Buff, 
H.  Kopp  and  H.  Zamminer,  in  which  Kopp  wrote  the  theoretical  chapter;  later, 
Ed.  2  of  this  was  published  as  vol.  1  of  Ed.  4  of  Graham-Otto's  Lehrbuch  der 
Chemie,  1863.  One  of  the  best  texts  now  is  the  most  recent  edition  of  Nernst, 
first  published  as  chapters  on  theory  in  Dammer's  Handbuch  der  anorganischen 
Chemie,  1892.  This  work  called  by  its  author  then  ' '  a  brief  presentation  of  the 
present  state  of  physical  chemistry  and  its  most  important  aims"  had  for  title 
of  the  first  separate  edition,  * '  Theoretische  Chemie ' '  and  was  described  as  a  theo- 
retical treatment  of  chemical  processes  for  the  investigator  of  physical  chemistry. 
Wilh.  Ostwald 's  Prinzipien  der  Chemie,  1907,  appeared  in  English,  1909,  as  The 
fundamental  principles  of  chemistry,  an  introduction  to  all  text-books  of  chem- 
istry ;  a  similar  work  in  French,  also  translated  into  English,  is  Copaux,  Intro- 
duction a  chimie  generale,  1919.  The  new  book  by  R.  M.  Caven,  The  foundations 
of  chemical  theory,  1920,  is  somewhat  similar  for  "the  general  reader  who  wishes 
to  know  what  chemistry  really  means";  it  is  less  technical  than  the  ones  by 
Ostwald  and  Copaux,  i.  e.,  the  reader  is  not  expected  to  know  as  much  about 
the  science. 

A.  3.     Special  works  on  theory 

These  may  be  separate  works,  but  considerable  material  is  given  in,  for 
example,  such  works  as  Meyer  and  Jacobson's  Lehrbuch  der  organischen  Chemie, 
and  the  first  volume  of  Friend's  Textbook  of  inorganic  chemistry.  Werner 
presents  in  his  Neuere  Anschauungen,  his  ideas  upon  the  structure  of  the  inor- 
ganic compounds ;  Henrich,  Theorien  der  organischen  Chemie,  new  edition,  1912, 
presents  the  views  then  held  as  to  organic  chemistry.  Cohen,  Organic  chemistry, 
3  vol.  Ed.  2,  1919,  gives  theoretical  organic  in  English;  Ed.  3,  is  1921.  The  two 
volumes  by  Stewart,  Recent  advances  in  organic,  and  in  inorganic  and  physical, 
in  the  fourth  editions  now,  1921,  give  besides  statements  on  recent  progress  the 
current  ideas. 

61 


B.     Works  upon  physical  chemistry 

Physical  chemistry  is  claimed  with  some  reason  by  the  mathematician,  the 
physicist  and  the  biologist,  while  the  engineer  sees  it  from  his  own  viewpoint ; 
we  may  assume  it  to  be  chemistry,  used  in  the  other  branches  of  science.  Des 
criptions  of  it  vary.  Ramsay  says :  ' '  When  the  laws  or  generalizations  regarding 
properties  of  matter  depend  not  merely  upon  the  masses  or  rates  of  motion  of 
the  objects  concerned,  but  also  upon  their  composition  and  chemical  nature,  their 
consideration  falls  under  the  heading  'physical  chemistry'  ".  This  includes 
nearly  every  scientific  problem  in  science. 

Kekule  in  the  early  seventies  told  his  classes  at  Bonn  that  chemistry  had 
reached  its  limit,  the  dead  center,  with  no  prospect  then  visible  of  new  advance? 
This  was  shortly  after  disproved  brilliantly  by  one  of  his  own  students,  van't 
Hoff,  who  by  the  development  of  the  ideas  of  space  arrangement  and  structural 
formulas,  gave  a  new  field  to  the  organic  chemist. 

Stange,  in  Die  Zeitalter  der  Chemie,  1908,  says  "Chemistry  by  the  intro- 
duction of  physical  methods,  calculation,  measurement,  weighings,  has  been  made, 
in  so  far,  an  exact  science,  and  the  influence  of  physics  here  must  not  be  under- 
estimated ;  however,  that  relations  exist  between  the  chemical  and  physical 
properties  of  substances,  was  known  long  before  the  time  of  Lavoisier. ' ' 

Differentiation  of  physical  chemistry  from  physics  and  general  chemistry 
began  about  1830,  though  much  work  done  before  that  forms  an  important  part. 
Hermann  Kopp,  the  historian  of  chemistry,  and  from  1851-71  one  of  the  editors 
of  the  Annalen  der  Chemie  was  one  of  the  early  workers  in  this  field,  as  shown 
by  the  chapters  in  the  book  by  Buff,  Kopp  and  Zamminer,  1857,  as  well  as  by 
his  papers  in  the  serials. 

B.,  1.     General  works,  comprehensive 

The  most  recent  in  English  is  the  new  3-volume  edition  of  W.  C.  McC.  Lewis's 
System  of  physical  chemistry,  and  at  present  this  is  the  most  comprehensive  work 
in  English  also.  In  German  the  new  large  one  is  K.  Jellinek,  Lehrbuch  der  phys- 
ikalische  Chemie,  nominally  in  four  volumes,  began  in  1914  and  not  completed; 
it  is  to  be.  the  author  says,  a  comprehensive  reference  text  * '  for  mature  student? 
of  physical  chemistry,  physics  and  chemistry  and  for  investigators."  Nernst, 
Theoretical  chemistry,  in  the  most  recent  English  version  (1916)  of  succeeding 
German  editions  is  perhaps  the  most  satisfactory  one-volume  work  for  the  larger 
part  of  physical  chemistry. 

One  man  deserves  special  attention,  J.  H.  van't  Hoff,  1852-1911,  native  of 
Holland  where  he  had  his  college  training,  and  later  a  student  under  Kekule  at 
Bonn  and  Wurtz  in  Paris ;  he  was  professor  of  chemistry  at  Amsterdam  1878-95, 
and  at  Berlin  1896-1911.  Though  he  refused  to  be  described  as  a  physical  chemist, 
his  lectures,  Vorlesungen  iiber  theoretische  und  physikalische  Chemie,  Ed.  2, 
1903,  in  three  small  volumes,  give  some  very  clear  and  valuable  material ;  these 
have  been  published  in  English  also.  He  was  described,  when  given  the  degree 
of  LL.  D.  at  the  University  of  Chicago  in  1902,  as  "Founder  of  the  theory  ex- 
plaining the  space  relations  of  atoms,  master  in  the  field  of  dynamic  chemistry, 
investigator  of  renown  in  the  domain  of  the  modern  theory  of  solutions." 

62 


The  smaller  works,  usually  in  one  volume,  upon  physical  chemistry  are  num- 
erous; perhaps  the  newest  is  Washburn's  Principles  of  physical  chemistry,  Ed. 
2, 1921,  which  is  emphatic  on  the  mathematical  side  of  the  subject ;  Walker,  Intro 
duction  to  physical  chemistry,  Ed.  8,  1919,  is  larger,  with  more  descriptive  matter 
and  discussions ;  the  newest  edition  of  Morgan 's  Elements  of  physical  chemistry 
here  is  Ed.  5,  published  1914;  Lincoln's  book,  1919,  is  more  elementary.  Older 
ones  include  Bigelow,  Jones,  Ramsay,  Reychler,  and  Speyer,  the  last  three  pub- 
lished before  1900,  and  not  up  to  date  now. 

The  two  principal  series  in  English  are  ( 1 ) ,  Textbooks  of  Physical  Chemis 
try,  edited  by  Ramsay ;  consisting  of  about  twenty  volumes  on  the  subject  as  a 
whole  and  its  divisions ;  ( 2 ) ,  Monographs  on  Inorganic  and  Physical  Chemistry, 
edited  by  Findlay,  containing  about  ten  volumes  at  present,  on  topics  from 
osmotic  pressure  to  rare  earths;  the  series,  Monographs  on  Physics,  edited  by 
J.  J.  Thomson,  about  ten  volumes  to  date,  is  nearly  as  much  physical  chemistry 
as  physics. 

The  German  series,  Handbuch  der  angewandten  physikalischen  Chemie, 
begun  in  1905,  is  edited  by  various  men,  while  the  volumes  are  all  on  some  more 
or  less  applied  phase  of  the  subject;  it  includes  German  editions  of  Findlay 's 
Phase  rule,  and  Desch's  Metallography. 

B,  2.     Laboratory  manuals 

Here  again,  almost  every  teacher  has  written  a  book ;  some  of  these  are  Get- 
man,  Laboratory  exercises,  1908;  Pring,  same  title,  1911;  Gray,  Manual  of 
practical  physical  chemistry,  1914 ;  and  perhaps  the  best  now,  Findlay,  Practical 
physical  chemistry,  Ed.  3,  1914. 

B,  3.     Special  works 

Here  may  be  included,  Mellor,  Chemical  statics  and  dynamics,  Ed.  3  being 
of  1921 ;  also  his  Higher  mathematics  for  students  of  chemistry  and  physics,  Ed. 
4,  with  Partington's  similar  work  and  his  Textbook  of  thermodynamics  with 
special  reference  to  chemistry,  1913.  Translated  from  the  German  are  these: 
Nernst,  Experimental  and  theoretical  applications  of  thermodynamics  to  chem- 
istry, 1907 ;  Sackur,  Textbook  of  thermo-chemistry  and  thermodynamics,  1917 ; 
Planck's  Lectures  on  theoretical  physics,  1915 ;  his  lectures  on  thermodynamics  are 
only  in  German  here,  Ed.  3, 1911.  Weinstein's  three  volumes  on  thermodynamics 
were  finished  in  1908 ;  the  Lehrbuch  der  Thermodynamik  of  van  der  Waals  began 
the  same  year.  Thomsen's  Thermochemistry  was  published  as  one  of  the  Ramspy 
series,  Textbooks  of  physical  chemistry,  in  1908;  Findlay 's  Phase  rule,  and 
Desch's  Metallography,  first  published  there,  have  been  translated  from  English 
into  the  German  series  Handbuch  der  angewandten  physikalischen  Chemie. 
Jellinek,  Physikalische  Chemie  der  homogenen  und  heterogenen  Gasreaktionen, 
1913,  is  only  in  German.  Hober,  Physikalische  Chemie  der  Zelle  und  Gewebe, 
Ed.  3,  is  1911 ;  Koranyi  and  Richter,  2  vol.  in  German,  discuss  the  application 
of  physical  chemistry  to  medicine ;  Robertson,  Physical  chemistry  of  proteins  has 
Ed.  1  in  German,  1912,  but  Ed.  2,  1918,  is  in  English;  McClendon,  Physical 
chemistry  of  vital  phenomena,  appeared  in.  1917. 

63 


B,  4.     Tables  of  data 

Elaborate  tables  are  found  in  Landolt-Bornstein,  Physikalisch-chemische 
Tabellen,  Ed.  4;  the  tables,  Recueil  de  constantes  physiques,  published  by  the 
Societe  francaise  de  physique,  1913,  give  newer  material ;  both  these  are  supple- 
mented by  the  Annual  Tables,  v.  1-5  (v.  4-5,  1921)  that  present  new  data  for  the 
years  1910-20.  The  Physico-chemical  Tables,  2  vol.,  edited  by  J.  0.  Evans,  in 
1911,  are  more  limited  in  scope.  Comey  and  Hahn,  Dictionary  of  solubilities: 
inorganic.  Ed.  2,  1921,  seems  to  be  well  prepared ;  Seidell,  Ed.  2,  includes  organic 
and  inorganic  compounds  but  does  not  take  up  many  uncommon  substances. 

The  smaller  works  are,  Van  Nostrand's  Chemical  Annual,  Atack  and  Whin- 
yates'  The  Chemists'  Yearbook,  Chemiker-Kalender,  but  these  give  data  for 
common  substances,  rather  few  in  number. 

C.  Chemistry  of  colloids 

The  term  colloids  was  first  applied  by  Graham  in  the  sixties  to  various  non- 
crytallizable,  glue-like  compounds;  matter  in  this  state  is  characterized  by  lack 
of  definite  form,  and  fineness  of  division,  with  peculiar  physical  and  chemical 
properties.  Various  theories  have  been  offered  as  explanatory,  designating  it  as 
due  to  dispersion,  suspension,  solution.  Wolfgang  Ostwald,  in  1906  proclaimed 
it  as  "the  chemistry  of  the  twentieth  century". 

Cassuto,  1911  says:  "Investigation  of  colloids  depends  upon  the  solution  of 
this  problem  (first  proposed  by  Wolfgang  Ostwald) — 'To  determine  in  what 
manner  the  chemical  and  physical  properties  of  a  substance  depend  upon  the 
degree  of  its  dispersal'-  -",  meaning  by  dispersal  the  fineness  of  division  and 
degree  of  separation  from  each  other  in  space  of  these  most  minute  particles. 

The  newest  book  here  is  the  volume,  part  translation,  part  original,  Zsig- 
mondy  and  Spear,  the  latter  being  the  translator,  and  author  of  the  second  part, 
dated  1917.  The  first  English  edition  from  the  third  German  one  of  Wolfgang 
Ostwald 's  book  is  Handbook  of  colloid-chemistry,  1915;  Taylor,  Chemistry  of 
colloids,  written  as  a  textbook,  is  also  of  1915.  A  very  satisfactory  brief  treat- 
ment in  German  is  Der  kolloide  Zustand  der  Materie,  by  Leonardo  Cassuto,  1913, 
written  in  1911 ;  Zsigmondy's  Colloids  and  the  ultramicroscope,  published  in 
German  in  1905,  appeared  in  English  in  1909 ;  works  older  than  that  are  to  be 
used  with  caution.  E.  K.  Rideal  is  preparing  a  book  on  Chemistry  of  colloids, 
that  should  be  of  much  value,  as  it  will  present  the  results  of  recent  work. 

C,  2.     Briefer  works 

Very  small  books,  originally  in  German,  are  those  by  Poschl,  1916,  in  Eng- 
lish ;  by  Rohland,  English,  in  1913 ;  the  one,  An  introduction  to  the  physics  ard 
chemistry  of  colloids,  Ed.  3,  1919,  by  Emil  Hatschek  is,  apparently,  the  best  of 
its  size.  The  book  made  up  of  the  lectures  by  Wolfgang  Ostwald  in  the  United 
States  in  1914  was  published  in  1917,  and  should  form  a  good  introduction  to 
the  subject. 

C,  3.     Works  on  special  phases 

Perrin's  studies  on  the  Brownian  movement  of  particles  first  published  in 
the  Annales  de  chimie,  are  now  available  in  book  form  in  both  English  and  Ger- 
man. Bemmelen's  volume  of  researches  upon  absorption  and  soil  colloids  has 

'  64 


an  introduction  by  Wolfgang  Ostwald.  Solid  solutions  are  discussed  by  Bruni, 
and  inorganic  colloids  by  Lottermoser  in  v.  6  of  Ahren's  Sammlung,  1901. 
Arrhenius  adds  to  his  Theory  of  solutions,  1913,  a  12-page  list  of  select  refer- 
ences on  colloids.  Muller  in  Zeitschrift  fur  anorganische  Chemie  gives  in  1904, 
a  select  bibliography  of  356  titles  on  colloids.  Burton,  Colloidal  solutions,  1916, 
is  one  of  the  English  series,  Monographs  on  Physics. 

Colloids  in  relation  to  biology  and  medicine  are  taken  up  by  Bechhold,  1912, 
(translation  of  second  German  edition  is  1919),  by  Pauli  in  his  work  on  muscles, 
1912,  by  Freundlich  in  his  Kapillarchemie,  Ed.  2,  published  in  1914,  and  in 
the  two  volumes  by  Koranyi  and  Richter  on  physical  chemistry  and  medicine, 
1907-09.  Arndt,  Ed.  2,  1911,  gave  something  upon  uses  of  colloids  in  the  in- 
dustries; Taylor,  1915,  discusses  it  briefly,  and  more  recent  material  is  in  the 
second  part  of  Zsigmoiidy  and  Spear,  Chemistry  of  colloids,  1917.  The  newest 
here  is  Bancroft's  Applied  colloid  chemistry:  general  theory,  Ed.  1,  1921.  The 
possibilities  particularly  as  regards  clays  for  ceramics  and  in  soils,  the  prepara- 
tion of  semi-liquid  fuels,  and  in  connection  with  tanning,  and  dyeing,  furnish 
a  large  field  for  investigation  that  has  been  scarcely  touched. 


LECTURE  14 

THEORETICAL   AND   PHYSICAL   CHEMISTRY,   INCLUDING   COLLOIDS:   SERIALS 

Articles  upon  chemical  theory  appear  in  all  the  various  serials,  particularly 
those  on  general  chemistry  and  those  on  physical  chemistry;  however  such  arti- 
cles are  widely  scattered  through  all  the  chemical  serials  and  seem  likely  to 
continue  thus.  Use  for  finding  any  such  papers  the  general  abstract,  review  and 
index  serials,  looking  up  the  specific  topic,  and,  if  necessary,  collateral  topics  in 
order  to  make  sure  that  no  entries  are  overlooked. 

Serials  upon  physical  chemistry,  or  rather  those  containing  papers  upon  it 
may  be  grouped  thus: 

A.  Serials  containing  chiefly  original  papers 

B.  Reference  serials 

C.  Serials  upon  the  chemistry  of  colloids 

A.     Serials  containing  chiefly  original  papers 

The  statement  made  for  theoretical  chemistry  holds  good  here  to  some 
extent;  much  of  the  very  early  work  was  published  in  the  Annalen  der  Physik, 
often  referred  to  under  the  names  of  its  various  editors  as  Poggendorff's  or  Wie- 
demann  's  Annalen ;  this  has  many  series  and  the  approximate  date  is  needed 
generally  to  identify  the  articles.  Due  to  Kopp  's  editorship,  a  number  of  papers 
are  in  the  Annalen  der  Chemie,  1850-70. 

The  first  serial  for  physical  chemistry  alone  is  Zeitschrift  fur  physikalische 
Chemie,  started  in  1887  by  Wilhelm  Ostwald  and  J.  H.  van't  Hoff ;  quoting  an 
eminent  physiologist  they  termed  this  division  "the  chemistry  of  the  future". 
Until  1906,  besides  book  reviews  this  had  some  abstracts.  Indexes  are  annual 

65 


though  sometimes  several  volumes  are  covered;  two  collective  indexes  cover  tho 
period  to  1906. 

The  second,  Journal  of  physical  chemistry,  began  at  Cornell  University  in 
1896,  and  had  abstracts  till  the  Chemical  Abstracts  commenced  in  1907;  the 
annual  volume  has  nine  numbers,  none  being  published  in  July,  August,  and 
September. 

The  next  in  point  of  time,  Journal  de  chimie  physique,  founded  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Geneva,  Switzerland,  wras  started  "to  provide  a  central  place  of  publi- 
cation", and  the  articles  are  in  the  French  language.  After  vol.  4,  1905,  the  ab- 
stracts were  reduced  to  a  subject-index  for  the  current  literature  of  physical 
chemistry.  There  is  a  collective  index  for  vol.  1-10. 

The  Russian  journal  of  physical  chemistry  (this  is  said  to  be  on  file  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Minnesota)  has  contained  some  important  papers;  some  of  these  were 
reprinted  in  part  or  wholly  in  the  Journal  fur  praktische  Chemie. 

B.  Reference  serials 

Here  we  must  depend  chiefly  upon  the  general  abstract,  index,  and  review 
serials.  There  are  two  special  ones,  neither  very  comprehensive. 

The  Biophysikalisches  Centralblatt  was  published  in  separate  volumes,  1905- 
10;  after  that  the  articles  were  included  by  the  Zentralblatt  fur  Biochemie  and 
Biophysik;  this  changed  its  name  in  1919,  and  absorbed  two  others,  becoming 
Berichte  iiber  die  gesamte  Physiologic  und  experiment elle  Pharmakologie. 

The  Physikalisch-chemisches  Centralblatt,  1904-09,  was  continued  as  Fort- 
schritte  der  Chemie,  Physik  and  physikalischen  Chemie.  This  began  publication  at 
Darmstadt  as  "an  international  abstract  serial  for  physical  chemistry  and  the  de- 
batable land  between  chemistry  and  physics."  Series  1  was  chiefly  abstracts, 
with  annual  index ;  series  2  is  of  the  review-  form,  and  has  had  one  collective  index 
for  v.  1-5. 

C.  Serials  upon  the  chemistry  of  colloids 

Much  of  the  earlier  work  was  published  in  the  Zeitschrift  fiir  physikalische 
Chemie. 

There  is  at  present  only  one,  with  a  supplement  in  which  are  published  paper? 
of  considerable  length.  B.  Ditmar  edited  volume  1  of  the  Zeitschrift  fiir  Chemie 
und  Industrie  der  Kolloide,  1906,  at  Graz ;  the  next  year,  the  place  of  publication 
was  Leipzig,  Wolfgang  Ostwald  became  editor  and  has  continued  to  be,  except  for 
an  interval  of  army  service,  when  it  was  carried  on  by  members  of  his  family. 
The  name  has  varied  a  little,  but  was  changed  in  1913  to  Kolloid-Zeitschrift. 
There  are  some  abstracts  in  the  Kolloid-Zeitschrift,  but  no  attempt  is  made  to  in 
elude  all  the  articles  in  print;  the  indexes  so  far  have  been  rather  inadequate, 
and  for  some  volumes  here,  are  lacking.  The  supplement,  begun  in  1909,  is  called 
Kolloid-chemische  Beihefte,  and  contains  original  articles  only;  it  is  under  the 
same  editorship.  To  obtain  all  references  for  a  topic  in  the  chemistry  of  colloids, 
one  must  use  the  general  reference  serials,  and  it  is  desirable  to  consult  two  at 
least,  as  the  subject  headings  under  which  articles  are  placed  may  vary. 

66 


LECTURE  15 

BIOCHEMISTRY  :  BOOKS  AND  SERIALS 

For  this  special  application  of  the  science,  the  chemistry  of  living  matter, 
there  are  various  designations ;  the  older  term,  physiological  chemistry,  was  given 
when  it  was  considered  as  a  subdivision  of  physiology ;  now  the  word  biochemistry 
is  used  rather  more  often,  and  the  tendency  is  to  regard  it  as    an  application  of* 
chemistry.     The  classification  of  the  books  and  serials  is  affected  by  this  double 
relationship,  so  that  while  most  of  the  books  are  classified  in  612.01,  and- the  older 
serials  in  612.05,  the  newer  books  are  scattered  among  547,  organic,  615,  phar 
maceutical,  616,  pathological  with  a  few  in  543,  and  some  in  the  decimal  sub 
divisions  of  these ;  the  serials  started  more  recently  are  in  540.5  in  part,  wita  some 
in  special  places  as,  Endocrinology,  in  612.405. 

The  literature  may  be  divided  as  follows : 

A.  Books 

1.  General  works 

2.  Laboratory  manuals 

3.  Monographs  on  special  topics 

'j.     Encj^clopedic  works,  including  methods 

B.  Serials 

1.     "Original  paper'7  serials 
•  2.     Reference  serials 

A,  1.     General  works 

The  most  recent  one  here  is  T.  B.  Robertson 's  Principles  of  bio-chemistry,  for 
students  of  medicine,  agriculture  and  related  sciences,  1920 :  this  is  particularly 
valuable  for  its  discussion  of  the  general  chemistry  of  the  cell,  without  special 
medical  application;  there  is  much  descriptive  material,  with  some  tests;  lists  of 
references  are  given  at  the  close  of  the  chapters,  including  both  books  and  serial 
articles.  Of  same  year  is  Mathews'  Physiological  chemistry,  Ed.  3,  1920,  with 
even  more  descriptive  material  and  longer  lists  of  references ;  Ed.  2,  1916,  is  here. 

Differing  slightly  in  that  it  contains  experiments  and  work  for  the  laboratory 
is  Plimmer,  Practical  organic  and  biochemistry,  New  ed.  1918 ;  this  is  really  the 
third  edition  of  his  Practical  and  physiological  chemistry;  being  originally  de- 
signed for  use  in  the  laboratory,  it  has  less  discussion  of  theories  than  the  Robert- 
son and  Mathews,  and  much  space  is  given  to  directions  for  laboratory  work.  A 
similar  volume  by  an  American  author  is  Hawk's  Practical  physiological  chemis- 
try ;  this  is  revised  often,  Ed.  6,  1918,  Ed.  7, 1921 ;  the  latest  revision  should  always 
be  used.  In  the  work  by  McLeod  and  Pearce,  Physiology  and  biochemistry  in 
modern  medicine,  1918,  the  attempt  is  "to  present  biochemical  knowledge  in 
terms  rather  from  the  physiologist's  standpoint  as  an  integral  part  of  his  sub- 
ject, ' '  and  there  is  naturally  more  physiology  than  biochemistry.  Even  the  latest 
edition  of  Long  is  rather  old ;  Ed.  7  of  Hammarsten,  in  English  here,  is  1914 ; 
this  is  more  like  Mathews  than  Hawk.  Bottazzi,  1902,  is  here  in  German ; 
Lambling,  French,  1911,  is  not  very  comprehensive. 

67 


Of  the  German  texts  the  newest  is  the  fourth  edition  of  Abderhalden 's 
Lehrbuch,  (originally  thirty  lectures)  now  in  two  volumes,  1920;  this  gives  many 
references,  and  some  tests.  Hoppe-Seyler 's  Handbuch  der  physiologisch-und 
pathologisch-chemischen  Analyse,  edited  by  Thierfelder,  Ed.  8,  1909,  is  more  of  a 
reference  book,  than  a  general  text,  being  almost  a  miniature  encyclopedia  for 
biochemistry.  Older  works,  on  the  order  of  Abderhalden  ?s  Lehrbuch  are  in  Ger- 
man, Bunge,  second  English  from  the  fourth  German  edition  being  1902. 
Thudichum,  1872,  Lehmann,  Ed.  2,  1899;  also  Wurtz,  Traite  de  chimie  biolo- 
gique,  1885 ;  Ed.  7,  of  Halliburton,  Essentials,  is  1909. 

A,  2.     Laboratory  manuals 

Hawk  and  Plimmer  of  the  works  just  mentioned  are  intended  for  use  in 
the  laboratory;  Cole,  Practical  physiological  chemistry,  Ed.  4,  1914,  is  about 
as  large ;  Cramer,  Directions,  Ed.  3,  1917,  for  the  medical  students  is  about  100 
very  small  pages;  Jackson,  Directions,  Ed.  2,  1903,  is  a  trifle  less  than  Colo. 
Salkowski's  laboratory  manual,  is  here  in  the  edition  of  1904  in  English: 
Schulz's  Praktikum,  Ed.  3,  is  of  1908;  Abderhalden 's  Physiologisches  Praktikum 
is  here  in  the  edition  of  1912,  but  this  has  probably  been  revised. 

A,  3.    Monographs  on  special  topics 

Here  perhaps  the  first  in  importance  is  the  English  series,  Monographs  on 
biochemistry,  published  by  Longmans,  Green  &  Co. ;  the  plan  of  the  series  was  to 
provide  small  works,  moderate  in  price,  revised  thoroughly  at  frequent  intervals, 
giving  the  newest  information ;  these  w^ere  to  contain  lists  of  the  most  recent  lit- 
erature, and  this  plan  has  been  followed  very  closely,  but  the  price  has  ceased  to 
be  small.  Some  notable  numbers  are,  Leathes,  The  fats,  Harden,  Alcoholic  fer- 
mentation, Bayliss,  Nature  of  enzyme  action,  MacLean  on  lecithin,  Osborne,  Veg- 
etable proteins,  Plimmer  on  proteins,  and  Armstrong  on  carbohydrates. 

There  are  a  host  of  other  works  published  as  individuals,  upon  the  sub- 
divisions of  biochemistry,  as  metabolism,  dynamics,  amino  acids,  enzymes,  effect  of 
drugs,  special  problems  of  nutrition,  the  processes  of  normal  and  diseased  plant 
and  animal  matter.  Some  of  these  special  works  are  Van  Noorden  on  metabolism 
and  medicine  translated  from  the  German ;  von  Fiirth,  Probleme  der  physiolog- 
ischen  and  pathologischen  Chemie,  2  vol.,  1912;  Graham  Lusk,  Science  of  nutri- 
tion, Ed.  3,  1917;  Carter,  Howe,  and  Mason,  Nutrition  and  clinical  dietetics,  Ed. 
2,  1921. 

Some  upon  a  different  phase  are  Frankei,  Dynamische  Biochemie,  1911, 
Hober  on  physical  chemistry  of  cells,  Ed.  3,  1911,  in  German ;  Arrhenius,  Quanti- 
tative laws  in  biological  chemistry,  1915,  McClendon,  Physical  chemistry  of  vital 
phemonena,  1917,  Robertson,  Physical  chemistry  of  the  proteins,  Ed.  2,  1918. 

Plimmer  on  proteins  is  in  the  Monographs  on  biochemistry  series ;  others  are 
Mann,  Chemistry  of  the  proteids,  1906;  E.  Fischer,  Untersuchungen  iiber 
Aminosauren,  Polypeptide  und  Proteine,  1906;  the  works  of  Schryver;  two  by 
Abderhalden,  Neuere  Ergebnisse  auf  dem  Gebiete  der  speziellen  Eiweisschemie, 
1909,  and  Synthese  der  Zellbausteine  in  Pflanze  und  Tier,  1912;  Underbill's 
Physiology  of  the  amino  acids  in  1915. 

The  older  work  of  Cohnheim  on  enzymes  may  be  profitably  supplemented  by 

68 


Hans  Euler  (-Chelpin),  General  chemistry  of  the  enzymes,  1912,  with  Javili- 
ier's  thesis  on  proteolytie  ferments,  in  French,  1909;  there  are  also  the  fourth 
edition  of  Oppenheimer,  Die  Fermente,  2  vol.,  1913,  the  English  version  of  Effront 
on  biochemical  cataylsts,  1917;  and  the  latest  edition  of  Bayliss  on  enzyme 
action  in  the  Monographs  of  biochemistry ;  Falk  's  new  work  in  the  series  of  the 
American  Chemical  Society  is  of  1921. 

Spiegel,  Chemical  constitution  and  physiological  action,  1915,  and  Pittenger, 
Biochemical  drug  assay  methods,  1914,  discuss  the  action  of  organic  compounds 
Czapek,  Chemical  phenomena  in  life,  1911,  and  Tashiro,  A  chemical  sign  of  life, 
1917,  are  small  but  important.  One  of  the  topics  not  yet  thoroughly  understood 
is  taken  up  by  Schafer,  The  endocrine  organs,  1916,  and  in  Falta,  The  ductless 
glandular  diseases,  translated  by  Meyers,  Ed.  2,  1916.  Other  examples  of  very 
special  works  are  Herter,  Infantilism,  1908,  Funk,  Die  Vitamine,  1914,  Abder- 
halden,  Die  Abwehrfermente  des  tierischen  Organismus,  Ed.  3,  1913  and  Ver- 
worn,  Irritability,  1913. 

Some  of  the  more  useful  works  on  the  chemistry  of  plants  and  their  products- 
are  these :  Practical  plant  biochemistry,  M.  Wheldale  Onslow,  1920,  a  small  book 
having  references  after  each  chapter;  her  The  anthocyanin  pigments  of  plants, 
1916,  is  a  study  of  the  origin,  distribution  and  chemistry  of  these  coloring  matters ; 
Thatcher,  Chemistry  of  plant  life,  1921,  is  an  American  publication.  Two  that 
have  been  the  foundation  for  much  other  work,  are  Czapek,  Biochemie  der  Pflan- 
zen,  2  vol.,  first  published  in  1905,  and  Euler,  Grundlagen  und  Ergebnisse  der 
Pflanzenchemie,  3  vol.  in  2,  1908,  translated  into  German  from  the  original  Swed- 
ish ;  Haas  and  Hill,  Introduction  to  the  chemistry  of  plant  products,  Ed.  1,  1913r 
has  now  Ed.  2,  1917,  and  vol.  1  of  Ed.  3  appeared  early  in  1921;  two  by 
Kraemers,  Scientific  and  applied  pharmacognosy,  1915,  Ed.  2,  1920,  and  Applied 
and  economic  botany,  Ed.  2,  1916,  are  not  wholly  chemical,  but  have  importance 
here ;  with  these  may  be  used  Mansfield,  Histology  of  medicinal  plants,  1916. 

Perkin  and  Everest,  Natural  organic  colouring  matters,  1918,  is  an  attempt 
to  present  the  present  knowledge  of  this  field  in  English,  since  Rupe's  Die  Chemie 
der  natiirlichen  Farbstoffe,  2  vol.,  1900-1909,  is  now  old  and  available  only  in 
German.  Some  chemistry  of  plant  products  is  found  also  in  the  works  on  per- 
fumes and  flavoring  essences,  such  as  these:  Gildemeister  and  Hoffmann,  The 
volatile  oils,  Ed.  2,  in  3  vol.,  1913-21  ( ?),  Askinson,  Perfumes  and  cosmetics,  Ed. 
4,  1915 ;  both  these  are  translated  from  the  German ;  Walter,  Manual  for  the  es- 
sence industry,  Ed.  1,  1916,  is  newer  and  seems  to  have  been  written  originally  in 
English.  Pictet  on  plant  alkaloids  has  been  almost  superseded  by  Henry,  Plant 
alkaloids,  1913.  The  work  of  Cross  with  Bevan  and  others  on  cellulose  belongs 
rather  to  industrial  chemistry. 

Perhaps  the  largest  of  the  German  works  is  Wehmer,  Die  Pflanzenstoffe 
botanisch-systematisch  bearbeitet,  1911;  in  this  are  discussed  the  chemical  con- 
stituents of  plants  and  their  products,  including  however  only  the  phanerogams. 
This  work,  as  a  lexicon  of  the  composition  of  plants,  is  the  first  to  be  consulted  in 
determining  the  probable  physiological  action  of  the  plant. 
A,  4.  Encyclopedic  works,  including  methods 

The  oldest  and  the  smallest  is  the  Hoppe-Seyler,  Handbuch,  Ed.  8,  noted  under 

69 


A,  1 ;  next  in  point  of  time  is  Oppenheimer,  Handbuch  der  Biochemic,  1908-10,  4 
vol.  in  7,  with   Erganzungsband,  1  vol.,  1913;  this   is  actually  a  set   of  mono- 
graphs by  various  authors ;  the  form  of  publication  makes  it  less  easy  of  revision 
than  the  English  series.     The  Handbuch  der    biochemisches    Arbeitsmethoden, 
edited  by  Abderhalden,  9  vol,  in  11,  1910-19,  has  a  more  limited  field  in  accordance 
with  its  title,  but  gives  considerable  descriptive  matter ;  it  is  a  working  encyclo- 
pedia for  all  procedures  in  biochemistry.     There  is  at  present  being  published  a 
new  edition  of  this  under  the  title,  Handbuch  der  biologischen  Arbeitsmethoden, 
also  edited  by  Abderhalden,  to  be  in  13  parts. 

The  newest  up  to  1920  and  in  some  ways  most  useful  is  the  Biochemisches 
Handlexikon,  6  vol.  in  7,  and  two  supplementary  volumes,  1911-15,  edited  by 
Abderhalden ;  this  is  modelled  after  Beilstein  in  part,  but  it  gives  material  in  more 
detail  and  is  more  recent  than  the  third  edition  of  Beilstein;  it  has  no  collective 
index,  but  the  volume  indexes  are  good ;  it  usually  gives  structural  formulas  for 
organic  compounds,  and  has  many  references  to  the  literature  of  the  topics  con- 
sidered. 

B,  1.     Serials  containing  original  papers,  chiefly 

Before  1877,  there  was  no  special  serial,  and  the  literature  is  scattered 
through  the  serials  upon  chemistry,  medicine,  and  physiology.  In  that  year 
Hoppe-Seyler 's  Zeitschrift  fur  physiologische  Chemie  was  started;  there  were 
some  brief  abstracts  in  the  first  ten  volumes,  but  none  since.  The  volumes  ma^ 
be  one  to  four  a  year,  and  there  are  two  collective  indexes,  including  the  first  60 
volumes.  Hofmeister's  Beitrage  fiir  physiologische  und  pathologische  Chemie, 
(original  papers  only)  appeared  1902-08,  eleven  volumes  with  a  collective  index 
for  the  first  ten.  It  was  then  merged  in  the  Biochemische  Zeitschrift,  1906-date, 
original  papers  only ;  this  has  had  up  to  eleven  volumes  in  the  calendar  year,  and 
has  three  collective  indexes,  including  the  first  ninety  volumes.  Two  very  recent 
ones  in  German  are  the  Internationale  Zeitschrift  fiir  physikalisch-chemische  Bio- 
logie,  edited  by  Traube  and  others,  and  Ferment forschung,  the  latter  under  the 
direction  of  Abderhalden,  both  started  in  1914 ;  none  of  the  first  since  the  number 
of  April,  1917,  has  been  received ;  the  second  seems  to  be  continuing,  and  makes 
a  special  feature  of  the  work  done  by  Abderhalden  and  his  students  on  his  own 
topic,  protective  ferments. 

Much  work  upon  physiological  chemistry,  particularly  on  the  side  dealing 
with  animal  life  has  been  published  in  the  following : 

Archiv  fiir  die  gesamte  Physiologic  (Pfliiger) 

Archiv  fiir  experimentelle  Pathologic  und  Pharmakologie 

Archiv  fiir  pathologische  Anatomic  und  Physiologic  (Virchow) 

Archiv  fiir  Physiologic  (Du  Bois-Reymond) 

Ergebnisse  der  Physiologic 

Zeitschrift  fiir  klinische  Medizin  ; 
also  in : 

Archives  italiennes  de  biologic 

Journal  de  physiologic  et  de  patholojri*'  u«' morale 
also  in : 

American  Journal  of  Physiology 

70 


Journal  of  Physiology 

Physiological  Reviews 

The  oldest  serial  for  this  field  in  English  is  the  Journal  of  Biological  Chemis- 
try, founded  by  C.  A.  Herter  and  J.  J.  Abel  in  1905 ;  it  has  original  papers  only, 
publishes  usually  three  or  four  volumes  a  year,  and  has  a  collective  index  for  the 
first  twenty-five  volumes.  It  generally  contains  the  proceedings  of  the  American 
Society  of  Biological  Chemists,  paged  separately  with  Roman  numerals. 

The  Biochemical  Journal,  1906-date,  from  the  University  of  Liverpool,  no 
abstracts,  has  always  paid  much  attention  to  plant  chemistry ;  it  appears  at  irreg- 
ular intervals,  and  has  a  collective  index  for  the  first  ten  volumes.  The  Biochem 
ical  Bulletin,  1911-16  ( ?),  from  Columbia  University  seems  to  have  ceased  with 
vol.  5,  in  May,  1916 ;  it  had  abstracts  that  were  little  more  than  a  subject  index  to 
current  literature  and  gave  news  items,  personals  chiefly. 

Two  recent  fairly  general  serials  are  these : 

Journal  of  Laboratory  and  Clinical  Medicine,  1915-,  with  original  papers, 
laboratory  notes  on  methods,  and  signed  editorials;  and,  Journal  of  General 
Physiology,  1918-  ,  bimonthly,  original  papers  only;  the  articles  are  often  upon 
topics  in  physiological  chemistry. 

Three  very  specialized  ones  are  : 

The  Journal  of  Pharmacology  and  Experimental  Therapeutics,  1909-,  The 
Journal  of  Urology,  1917-  ,  and  Endocrinology,  1917-  ;  the  first  and  second  have 
original  papers,  and  the  second  contains  the  Transactions  of  the  American 
Urological  Association  and  its  branches;  the  third  has  abstracts  and  book  re- 
views also ;  both  the  second  and  third  are  bimonthly. 

B,  2.     Reference  serials 

The  principal  index  serial  to  be  considered  here  is  the  Index  Medicus,  1879- 
date ;  it  includes  many  papers  on  medical  topics  that  are  also  biochemical, 
giving  the  reference  in  full  but  no  abstract  .  The  Index  catalogue  of  the  U.  S. 
Surgeon-General's  library  is  also  of  use  for  special  topics,  giving  references  to 
both  serials  and  books.  The  section  on  biochemistry  in  the  International  Cata- 
logue of  Scientific  Literature :  Chemistry,  1901-,  is  very  complete  for  the  years 
included. 

Before  1870,  the  abstract  serials  were  not  specific;  thus  one  has  to  use  the 
various  general  abstract  serials,  as,  Berzelius'  Jahresbericht  for  the  early  period, 
Chemisches  Zentralblatt,  Journal  of  the  Chemical  Society,  Jahresbericht  (Liebig 
and  Kopp). 

The  oldest  special  one  is  Jahresbericht  iiber  die  Fortschritte  der  Tier-Chemie, 
edited  by  Dr.  Richard  Maly,  1870-1918 ;  the  later  volumes  include  bacteriology, 
pharmacology  and  other  related  topics  as  well;  there  are  collective  indexes  for 
the  volumes  1-30,  i.  e.,  annual  ten-year  indexes  through  1900,  only  annual  indexes 
since  then.  This  serial  is  sometimes  referred  to  as  Maly's  Jahresbericht,  from 
its  founder ;  it  is  a  very  complete  record  for  the  year,  including  books,  theses,  and 
papers  in  serials ;  the  articles  of  importance  are  abstracted,  often  at  some  length, 
while  papers  considered  of  less  value  are  dismissed  with  a  few  lines  or  even  the 
reference  alone.  Maly  ?s  Jahresbericht  ceased  publication  in  1918,  being  merged 

71 


in  the  new  one,  Berichte  iiber  die  gesamte  Physiologic  und  experimentelle  Phar- 
makologie,  noted  below. 

The  second  in  importance  of  the  abstract  serials  upon  biochemistry  began  in 
1902  as  Biochemisches  Centralblatt ;  it  kept  this  title  till  1909,  then  became  Zent- 
ralblatt  fiir  Biochemie  und  Biophysik,  and  in  1919,  absorbed  the  Maly's  Jahres- 
bericht  and  the  Jahesbericht  iiber  die  Fortschritte  der  Physiologic,  and  is  no\? 
Berichte  iiber  die  gesamte  Physiologic  und  experimentelle  Pharmakologie. 
The  first  few  volumes  had  some  original  papers  in  the  nature  of  reviews  sum- 
marizing the  progress  in  some  field  of  biochemistry,  but  soon  dropped  these ;  the 
first  four  volumes  had  also,  companion  volumes,  Biophysikalisches  Centralblatt. 
and  for  these  there  is  a  collective  index;  then  this  set  ceased.  The  volumes  oi 
the  Berichte  under  any  name  have  never  coincided  with  the  calendar  year ;  and 
it  seems  now  to  have  several  each  year.  There  are  volume  indexes,  a  collective 
index  for  the  first  nine  volumes,  i.  e.  the  Biochemisches  Zentralblatt ;  the  special 
feature  is  that  the  titles  of  articles  are  given  in  the  language  of  the  original,  not 
in  that  of  the  abstract  serial. 

The  serial  now  called  (or  at  least  in  1914;  none  received  since)  Zentralblatr 
der  experimentelle  Medizin,  started  in  1900  as  the  Centralblatt  fiir  Stoff- 
wechsel-  und  Verdauungskrankheiten,  has  good  abstracts,  always  with  emphasis 
on  nutrition  and  metabolism ;  it  has  annual  and  later  semiannual  indexes,  but  no 
collective  one.  In  French,  good  abstracts  are  found  in  the  Journal  de  physiologic 
et  de  pathologic  generale,  1899-,  and  in  the  Archives  italiennes  de  biologie 
1882- ;  both  these  are  here  in  the  Natural  History  library.  In  English,  use  the 
Journal  of  the  Chemical  Society,  the  Chemical  Abstracts,  and  other  general  ab- 
stract serials,  including  the  Experiment  Station  Record.  The  new  one  is  Physi- 
ological Abstracts,  1916-,  a  cooperative  affair  by  the  English  and  American 
Physiological  Societies,  with  some  other  organizations;  the  abstracts  are  of  fair 
length,  and  so  far  cover  the  literature  very  well,  with  indexes  for  each  volume. 
Physiological  Reviews,  1921-,  new  and  excellent  so  far,  is  to  be  rather  a  place  for 
the  publication  of  reports  of  progress,  somewhat  similar  to  those  making  up  the 
old  Ergebnisse  der  Physiologic,  1902-14. 


LECTURE  16 

SUGGESTIONS  UPON  LOOKING  UP  ALL  THE  LITERATURE  FOR  A  TOPIC  IN  ORGANIC, 
APPLIED,  PHYSICAL  CHEMISTRY,  OR  BIOCHEMISTRY 

This  material  may  be  found  in  a  large  number  of  places  so  that  it  is  difficult 
to  say  when  the  search  has  covered  all  possible  sources.  Books  and  serial  articles 
must  both  be  investigated,  but  the  method  varies  a  little  for  each  of  these  di- 
visions of  chemistry. 

In  general,  if  the  topic  seems  large  enough  or  of  sufficient  importance  try  the 
specific  subject  heading  in  the  card  catalogue;  next,  consult  the  indexes  in  the 
more  comprehensive  works  in  that  field.  When  this  has  been  done,  turn  to  the 

72 


reference  serials,  or  similar  works  where  material  from  many  sources  is  collect 
ed.     The  plan  of  attack  will  vary  somewhat. 

I.     Organic  chemistry 

Here,  if  you  know  the  name,  in  German,  begin  with  the  collective  index  of 
Beilstein,  Handbuch,  Ed.  3 ;  if  the  English  name  only  is  known,  look  in  Richter 's 
textbook,  Chemistry  of  the  carbon  compounds,  the  most  recent 'edit  ion  in  English 
and  here  if  it  is  given,  you  will  find  the  formula,  and  this  will  m&ke  possible  the 
use  of  Richter 's  Lexikon,  that  in  turn,  gives  a  reference  to  Beilstein.  Thus, 
finding  the  substance  in  Beilstein,  you  have 'there  a  fair  summa-ry  of  the  informa- 
tion available  at  the  date  of  publication*  bf  that  volume ;  latef'work,  through  1913, 
may  be  found  in  the  Literatur-Register,  by  looking  under  the  formula. 

If  the  formula  only  be  known,  go  tt>  Riehter?s  Lexikon  first,  then  look  up  the 
reference  given  to  the  volumes,  original" and  supplementary,  of :  Beilstein 's"  Hand- 
buch. Articles  since- 1913  will  at  present  require  the  use  of  "annual  indexes,  dr 
the  decennial  index  of  Chemical  Abstracts;  here  too;  it  is  advisable  to  employ  the 
formula  indexes  for  their  own  original  papers  in  these ;  Annalen,  Annales, 
Berichte,  Journal  fur  praktische  Chemie,  Journal  of  the  Chemical  Society 
Monatshefte,  and  Recueil;  if  the  name  is  known,,  look  undejr  that  also,  in  the 
newest  annual  index,  and  going  backward  in  time  to  the  most  recent  collective 
index,  in  each  case.  •. >.,.,•* 

If  for  any  reason  a  thorough  search  of  the  literature  is  to  be  made,  the  pro- 
cess is  much  like  that  for  general  chemistry. 

A.  Before  1840. 

1789-,  Annales  de  chimie 
1822,-  Jahresbericht  (Berzelius') 
1832-,  Annalen  der  Chemie 

1832-,  Chemisches  Zentralblatt  (then  Pharmazeutisches  Central-blatt) 
1834-,  Journal  fur  praktische  Chemie1 
All  these  except  the  fourth  have  collective  indexes. 

B.  1840  to  1870. 

Add  to  the  ones  above  the  following : 

1840-58  The  Chemist 

1841-,  Journal  of  the  Chemical  Society  (1841-45  called  Memoirs) 

1842-59  Chemical  Gazette ;  continued  by  Chemical  News,  1859  on. 

1847-,  Jahresbericht  (Liebig  and  Kopp) 

1858-,  Bulletin  de  la  Societe  chimique  de  Paris  (now  de  France) 

1867-,  Berichte  der  deutschen  chemischen  Gesellschaft 

Note  that  Berzelius'  Jahresbericht  ceases  with  1849;  Chemist  and  Chemical 
Gazette  have  only  annual  indexes.  The  abstracts  in  Annalen  ceased  before  1870, 
and  those  in  Annales  and  the  Journal  fur  praktische  Chemie  by  1873;  for  this 
period  no  collective  index  for  Chemisches  Zentralblatt  has  been  published. 

7.3 


C.  1870  to  1906. 

For  this  period,  there  are  several  good  collective  indexes,  and  their  use 
facilitates  the  work ;  the  order  might  be : 

a,  Jahresbericht  (Liebig  and  Kopp)  ;  slow  to  appear  but  very  complete 

b,  Journal  of  the  Chemical  Society 

c,  Bulletin  de  la  Societe  chimique  de  France 

d,  Chemisches  Zentralblatt ;  collective  indexes  for  1870-81,   1896-190«> 

e,  Jahrbuch  der  Chemie  (Meyer)  1891-,  collective  index,  vol.  1-10 

f,  Journal  of  the  Society  of  Chemical  Industry,  indexes  1882-1905 

g,  Zeitschrift  fiir  angewandte  Chemie,  index  of  1887-1907 
h,  Jahresbericht  (Wagner)  collective  indexes  1855-94 

Use  f,  g,  and  h,  only  for  topics  in  applied  (industrial)  chemistry;  annual 
indexes  of  other  serials  having  abstracts  or  reviews  may  be  used,  with  the  Chem- 
istry section  of  the  International  Catalogue  of  Scientific  Literature  from  1901  on. 
Wagner's  Jahresbericht  might  also  be  used  for  the  preceding  period  for  topics 
not  in  pure  chemistry  or  theory. 

D.  1907  to  1921. 

Here,  the  order  for  covering  the  literature  rapidly,  might  be : 

a,  Chemical  Abstracts,  decennial,  then  annual  indexes 

b,  Journal  of  the  Chemical  Society,  collective  index  and  annual  ones 

c,  Bulletin  de  la  Societe  chimique  de  France,  annual  indexes 

d,  Chemisches  Zentralblatt,  index  1907-11,  and  semiannual  ones  since 
Begin  usually  with  the  most  recent  annual  or  volume  index,  and  work  back 

to  the  newest  collective  one ;  the  Jahresbericht  has,  here,  only  1907-10  completely, 
but  part  at  least  of  1911  has  been  published,  and  this  should  be  used  before  b,  and 
c,  if  it  is  available.  Consult  also  the  annual  indexes  of  Jahrbuch  der  Chemie  and 
the  Chemical  Society's  Annual  Report  of  Progress  of  Chemistry.  The  annual 
indexes  of  the  serials  in  c,  f,  g,  h,  may  be  used  if  the  topic  is  one  not  of  pure 
chemistry  or  theory.  Check  the  final  list  by  the  volumes  of  the  Chemistry  section 
of  the  International  Catalogue  of  Scientific  Literature  also,  to  make  sure  no  item 
is  overlooked. 

Patents  in  the  organic  literature  may  be  looked  up  in  the  reference  serials 
under  the  subject ;  or,  if  the  number  only  is  known,  the  indexes  by  patent  number 
in :  Chemical  Abstracts 

Chemisches  Zentralblatt 

Jahresbericht  (Liebig  and  Kopp),  through  1910 
Zeitschrift  fiir  angewandte  Chemie,  through  1918 
Jahresbericht  (Wagner),  here  only  through  1914 

For  any  product  of  coal  tar,  consult  Friedlander,  Fortschritte  der  Teerfar- 
benfabrikation,  beginning  with  the  newest  volume,  since  these  have  collective  in- 
dexes  including  material  in  the  earlier  volumes ;  if  the  substance  has  been  known 
for  some  time,  see  also  Winther,  Zusammenstellung  der  Patente  auf  dem  Gebiotc 
der  organischen  Chemie,  1877-1905,  3  vol.  published  1908-10.  From  1918  on 
the  volume  indexes  of  Chimie  et  Industrie  will  be  of  use. 

74 


II.     Applied  chemistry 

A.  Before  1840 

Use  the  same  reference  serials  as  for  organic  chemistry. 

B.  1840  to  1870. 

Add  to  the  organic  list,  Jahresbericht  (Wagner),  1855-on. 

C.  1870  to  1906. 

For  this  period,  collective  indexes  are  available  for  only  part  of  the  time  in 
the  serials  of  applied  chemistry ;  the  best  plan  would  be  this : 

a,  Journal  of  the  Society  of  Chemical  Industry,  index,  1882-1905 

b,  Jahresbericht  (Wagner)  index,  v.  11-40,  1865-94 
e,  Jahresbericht  (Liebig  and  Kopp),  index  1867-1908 

d,  Zeitschrift  fur  angewandte  Chemie,  index,  1887-1907 

e,  Chemisches  Zentralblatt,  index,  1896-1906 

f,  Jahrbuch  der  Chemie  (Meyer),  1891  on;  index,  1891-1900 
Indexes  for  individual  years  for  Wagner's  Jahresbericht  may  be  used  for 

years  after  1894,  to  check  the  other  serials  and  make  certain  that  nothing  has 
been  overlooked. 

D.  1907  to  1921. 

Here,  start  with  the  decennial  index  of  Chemical  Abstracts,  1907-1916,  and 
use  annual  indexes  of  it  for  later  years ;  the  order  would  be  as  follows : 

a,  Chemical  Abstracts,  index,  1907-16 

b,  Chemisches  Zentralblatt,  index,  1907-11 

c,  Jahresbericht  (Liebig  and  Kopp),  1905-10,  inclusive,  3  indexes 

d,  Journal  of  the  Society  of  Chemical  Industry,  annual  indexes 

e,  Zeitschrift  fiir  angewandte  Chemie,  1908-18,  annual  indexes 

f,  Jahrbuch  der  Chemie,  annual  indexes 

Both  d  and  e  will  probably  have  collective  indexes  for  all  or  part  of  this 
period ;  the  annual  indexes  of  the  Chemiker-Zeitung :  Repertorium,  1914  on,  and 
the  indexes  of  the  volumes  of  Chimie  et  Industrie,  for  1918  on  should  be  used  to 
check  up  for  safety,  as  the  foreign  serials  were  sometimes  difficult  for  American 
and  English  abstractors  to  obtain  during  those  years.  Use  also  the  Reports  of 
Progress  in  Applied  Chemistry,  1916  to  date. 

III.  Physical  chemistry 

Here  for  all  periods  the  serials  advised  in  Lecture  7  for  general  chemistry 
should  be  used ;  it  might  be  well  to  add,  as  a  further  check  for  completeness,  the 
collective  index  of  Zeitschrift  fiir  physikalische  Chemie,  v.  1-50,  1887-1905,  and 
that  of  the  Physikalisch-chemisches  Centralblatt,  1904-09,  and  that  of  Journal 
de  chimie  physique  v.  1-10,  1903-12.  If  the  topic  is  electrochemical  use  also  the 
index  of  Zeitschrift  fiir  Elektrochemie,  v.  1-10,  1894-1904,  and  the  individual 
volumes  of  the  Jahrbuch  der  Elektrochemie  und  angewandten  physikalischen 
Chemie,  1894  on,  1907  being  the  latest  here. 

IV.  Biochemistry 

For  the  years  before  1840,  and  1840  to  1870,  use  the  serials  advised  under 
those  years  for  general  chemistry,  in  Lecture  7. 
C.     1870  to  1906. 

75 


At  present,  for  rapid  work  and  completeness,  this  is  best : 

a,  Jahresbericht  (Maly),  collective  indexes,  through  1900 

b,  Biochemisches  Centralblatt,  collective  index,  v.  1-9,  1902-09 

c,  Journal  of  the  Chemical  Society,  collective  indexes 

d,  Centralblatt  fur  Stoffwechsel-  und  Verdauungskrankheiten 

e,  Archives  italiennes  de  biologic,  1882  on ;  collective  indexes  for 

v.  1-46;  1881-1903 ;  index  for  41-60,  1894-1913  is  in  press 

f,  Journal  de  physiologic  et  de  pathologic  generate,  annual  indexes  of 

volumes,  1899  on 

D.     1907  to  1921. 

a,  Chemical  Abstracts,  decennial  index,  and  annual  indexes  since 
,  b,  Jahresbericht  (Maly),  annual  volumes 

c,  Zentralblatt  fur  Biochemie  und  Biophysik,  continued  by  Berichte 

iiber  die   gesamte   Physiologic  und   experimentelle  Pathologic, 
volume  indexes  only  ones  now 

d,  Physiological  Abstracts,  1916  on,  volume  indexes  only. 

The  volume  indexes  of  e  and  f  in  C  may  also  be  used,  as  a  check  particularly 
in  the  case  b^  European  work. 

The  resources  of  other  libraries  may  be  made  use  of  by  means 'of  the  system  of 
interlibrary  loans  mentioned  at  the  close  of  Lecture  7.  New  serials  are  often, 
started  and  these  are  to  be  watched  as  new  sources  of  abstracts  or  reviews  of 
progress;  such  a  one  is  the  new  Physiological  Reviews,  (that  seems  to  take  the 
place  of  the  ErgeMtese  der  Thysiologie,  1902-14),  giving  summaries  of  progress 
with  bibliographies. 

Knowing  books  exist  is  not  enough — -they  must  ~be  used.  *  *  *  * 


76 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 

SOME  PAPERS  UPON  CHEMICAL  LITERATURE,  ITS  -VALUE,  i4NI>  UTILIZATION 

Bacon,  R.  F.  and  others 

Report  of  the  Subcommittee  on  Research  in  Industrial  Laboratories,  pre- 
sented to  the  Committee  of  One  Hundred  on  Scientific  Research,  New 
York,  December  26,  1916. 
Printed  under  title,  Research  in  industrial  laboratories 

Science  n.  s.  45,  34-39,  (1917). 

Pages  36-37  consider  the  need  and  suggest  special  training  in  chemical  liter- 
ature,  particularly  for  men  who  expect  to  do  research,    i.  e.,  creative, 
work. 
Baekeland,  L.  H. 

Science  and  industry 

Transactions  of  the  American  Electrochemical  Society 

17,  37-52,  (1910). 

Points  out  some  of  the  achievements  of  chemical  research  in  particular  and 
emphasizes  the  need  for  distribution  of  information  rather  than  secrecy. 
Barrows,  F.  E. 

Investigations  of  the  chemical  literature  , 
Chemical  and  Metallurgical  Engineering, 

24,  423-28,  477-79,  517-21  (1921). 

Thesis,  Armour  Institute  of  Technology,  published  separately  by  author, 
165  Broadway,  New  York.  This  gives  general  information  of  great 
value  to  research  workers,  upon  books,  serial  publications,  material  upon 
patents.  The  list  of  union  (arid  other)  lists  of  serials  in  print  is  a 
valuable  feature. 
Cushman,  A.  S. 

Chemistry  and  American  industry 

Journal  of  the  Franklin  Institute  183,  577-74  (1917). 
"Chemistry  is  the  real  basis  of  human  industry" 
Dannerth,  Frederic 

Legal  and  official  chemistry 

Chemical  and  Metallurgical  Engineering  24,  397-99  (1921). 
The  author  indicates  particular  cases  and  problems  where  the  library  chemist 

plays  an  important  part. 
Escher,  Paul 

Some  observations  on  chemical  bibliographies 

Chemical  Bulletin,  7,  43-45,  73-77  (1920).  ;jpj       , 
"The  list  should  be  considered  only  as  a  first  aid  or  emergency  outfit,, simply 

indicating  various  directions  in  which  a  search  may  be  made ' ', 
Fricker,  F. 

The  library  of  the  chemical  laboratories  of  the  B.  F.  Goodrich  company, 
Akron,  Ohio. 

Special  Libraries  6,  82-83  (1915). 

Brief  description  of  the  library  as  it  was  then. 

njm 

77 


Gallup,  F.  L. 

Library  service  in  the  chemical  department  and  chemical  department  labor- 
atories of  E.  I.  DuPont  de  Nemours  &  Company 
Journal  of  Industrial  and  Engineering  Chemistry, 

11,  588-89  (1919)  ;  also,  Special  Libraries  10,  98-100  (1919). 
Describes  some  of  the  work  done  by  the  five  libraries,  and  methods  used  to 
place  material  before  those  who  are  to  use  it ;  librarian  saves  chemist 's 
time. 

Greenman,  E.  D. 

The  chemist  and  his  library 

Special  Libraries  9,  194-95  (1918). 
Brief  statement  of  the  material  and  methods. 

Greenman,  E.  D. 

The  function  of  the  industrial  library 

Journal  of  Industrial  and  Engineering  Chemistry 

11,  584  (1919)  ;  also,  Special  Libraries  10,  189-91  (1919). 
Describes  the  work  done  in  library  of  A.  D.  Little,  Inc. 
Greenman,  E.  D. 

Technical  literature  in  reconstruction. 

Special  Libraries  10,  12-13;  notes  p.  13-14;  (1919). 

Takes  up  possible  provision  of  chemical  reference  works  in  English  language 
to  supplant  those  now  used. 

Hibbert,  Harold 

The  art  of  searching  chemical  literature. 

Chemical  and  Metallurgical  Engineering  20,  578-81  (1919). 
The  writer  deals  with  the  topic  from  the  point  of  view  of  the  technical' 

chemist,  giving  rather  specific  directions,  varied  according  to  type  of 

problem. 

Lee,  G.  W. 

Library  service  in  the  industrial  laboratory 

Journal  of  Industrial  and  Engineering  Chemistry,  5,  587-88  (1919). 

Here  the  chemical  literature  is  shown  to  be  indispensable  to  the  engineer, 
who  deals  with  mechanical  processes,  but.  must  have  chemical  results. 

Little,  A.  D. 

Industrial  research  in  America 

Journal  of  Industrial  and  Engineering  Chemistry 

5,  793-801  (1913). 

Chemical  research  and  the  facilities  therefor,  with  the  many  advantages 
gained  for  industry  by  chemists,  form  the  basis  of  this  Presidential  Ad- 
dress before  the  American  Chemical  Society. 

Little,  A.  D. 

Chemistry  and  the  special  library — a  foreword. 

Special  Libraries,  10,  85-86  (1919). 
Introducing  the  number  on  chemical  libraries. 

78 


McClelland,  E.  H. 

The  public  library  in  the  service  of  the  chemist 

Journal  of  Industrial  and  Engineering  Chemistry 

11,  578-82  (1919)  ;  also,  Special  Libraries  10,  86-92  (1919) 
Here  the  service  to  be  had  from  the  technology  section  of  the  larger  public 
library  is  described.    While  this  is  presented  from  the  librarian's  stand- 
point, it  has  interest  for  the  chemist  also. 

Marion,  G.  E. 

The  library  as  an  adjunct  to  industrial  laboratories 

Journal  of  Industrial  and  Engineering  Chemistry  2,  83-87  (1910). 
This  older  paper  presents  the  work  done  in  the  library  of  A.  D.  Little,  Inc., 

and   may  be  compared  with   Greenman's  paper   of  1919  on   the   same 

collection. 

Norton,  T.  H. 

Foundations  for  our  infant  industry 

Du  Font  Magazine,  12,  no.  5,  p.  8-9  (1920). 

Takes  up  the  problems  faced  by  the  American  color  manufacturers  in  devel- 
oping a  dyestuffs  industry. 

Norton,  T.  H. 

An  American  dyestuffs  company  tackles  its  problems 
Dupont  Magazine,  12,  no.  6,  p.  10-11  (1920). 

The  library  is  described  as  a  leading  feature  of  the  ' '  Intelligence  Division ' '. 
(Here  is  a  technical  man's  view  of  the  library;  for  a  librarian's  des- 
cription of  the  same  collection,  see  Gallup 's  article,  listed  above. ) 

Noyes,  W.  A. 

Chemical  publications 

Journal  of  the  American  Chemical  Society 

42,  2099-2116  (1920). 

This  Presidential  Address  before  the  American  Chemical  Society  gives  his- 
torical information  upon  the  early  serial  publications,  both  those  of 
societies  and  independent  ones.  This  is  followed  by  a  description  of  the 
publications  of  the  Society. 

Reissmann,  Gertrude 

The  Kodak  Park  library 

Special  Libraries  10,  94-97  (1919). 
Gives  brief  account  of  the  chemical  literature  there. 

Smith,  J.  F. 

The  functions  of  a  research  library  in  the  dyestuff  industry 
Journal  of  Industrial  and  Engineering  Chemistry 

11,  584-85  (1919)  ;  also,  Special  Libraries  10,  100-101  (1919). 
Such  a  library  has  to  provide  references  and  facilitate  their  use. 

79 


Tafel,  L.  A. 

Library  of  the  New  Jersey  Zinc  company 

Journal  of  Industrial  and  Engineering  Chemistry 

11,  586-87  (1919)  ;  also,  Special  Libraries  10,  97-98  (1919). 
This  Company  has  a  central  library  with,  several  branches  and  publishes  a 
Library  Bulletin,  indexing  regularly  about  125  publications. 
West,  C.  J. 

A  reading  list  on  scientific  and  industrial  research  and  the  service  of  the 

chemist  to  industry.    45  pp.  1920. 

Reprint  and  Circular  series  of  the  National  Research  Council  Number  9. 
Six  pages  of  these  references  are  specifically  upon  chemistry,  but  a  large 
proportion  of  the  others  deal  with  chemistry 's  importance  to  industries, 
and  to  all  research. 

SAMPLE  PROBLEMS 
Lecture  4,  Analysis 

I.     Give  call  number,  author,  title,  number  of  volumes,,  and  date  for  these, 
published  since  1900: 

1,  work  on  general  analysis  in  English 

2,  work  on  technical  analysis,  first  published  in  German 

3,  work  on  technical  analysis,  first  published  in  English 

4,  newest  work  here,  on  technical  analysis 

5,  two  works  on  select  methods,  one  in  German,  one  in  English 

6,  one  work  each  for  analysis  of  food,  oils,  steel,  water. 

II.     Give  call  number,  title,  date  of  vol.  1,  and  state  if  there  are  abstracts, 

and  collective  indexes,  for  the  serials  here  on  analysis. 
III.     Give  original  reference,  (author,  title,  name  of  serial,  volume,  pages 
and  date)  for  one  article,  and  locate  by  call  number,  volume  or  year, 
page  and  date,  two  abstracts  of  the  original  paper,  for  four  topics : 
1875-95,  Richardson  on  whisky 
1880-90,  shark  oil 
1880-90,  corn  oil 
1890-1902,  cachou 
1890-1902,  composition  of  rice 
1903-12,  raspberry  juice 
Lecture  7,  Use  of  reference  serials 
Answer  any  FOUR 

1.  Where  did  Boullay  publish  a  paper  on  ethers,  before  1820? 

Is  there  an  abstract  here  ? 

2.  Locate  the  original  paper  and  two  abstracts  of  it  upon  rivulin,  between 

1820  and  1850. 

3.  Locate  original  paper  and  two  abstracts  of  it  upon  indium  sulphide,  1850 

to  1870. 

4.  Who  wrote  a  paper  on  oxidation  of  petroleum,  1870-80.     Give  original 

reference  and  two  abstracts. 

5.  What  articles  appeared  on  composition  of  soap  powder,  1903-  12. 

80 


